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            三個海運法則:海牙法則、維斯比法則、漢堡法則

            更新時間:2023-12-11 04:45:37 閱讀: 評論:0

            2023年12月11日發(fā)(作者:溫暖組詞)

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            三個海運法則:海牙法則、維斯比法則、漢堡法則

            海牙規(guī)則

            海牙規(guī)則(Hague Rules)全稱為《統(tǒng)一提單的若干法律規(guī)定的國際公約》。也是關(guān)于提單法律規(guī)定的第一部國際公約。早期,作為最大貨主的美國于1893年通過了《哈特法》(Harter

            Act),這部法律最大特點就在于對免責的限制。哈特法這種規(guī)定對航運界產(chǎn)生重大影響,并為1924年海牙規(guī)則所接受。海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定了承運人最低限度義務(wù),免責事項,索賠和訴訟,責任限制和適用范圍以及程序性等幾個方面。對于承運人免責事項,海牙規(guī)則第4條2款列舉了11項免責事項。11項免責事項,尤其是航行和管船過失亦免責奠定了海牙規(guī)則關(guān)于承運人的不完全過失責任制的基礎(chǔ)。對于索賠和訴訟時效,海牙規(guī)則均規(guī)定了較短時間。索賠通知為交貨前或當時,貨物滅失、損壞不明顯為移交后3日內(nèi)并以書面形式。但雙方進行聯(lián)合檢查者除外。海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定了一年的訴訟時效,自貨物交付或應(yīng)當交付之日起一年內(nèi)。對于責任限制,海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定了每件或每單位100英鎊的最高賠償額。但托運人裝貨前就貨物性質(zhì)和價值另有聲明并載入提單的則不在此限。

            至于適用范圍,公約適用于任何締約國內(nèi)簽發(fā)的提單。這使海牙規(guī)則的適用范圍有限。因而,人們常常用提單(B/L)中的首要條款(Paramount Clau)擴大海牙規(guī)則的適用范圍。

            總體看來,《海牙規(guī)則》無論是對承運人義務(wù)的規(guī)定,還是免責事項,索賠訴訟,責任限制,均是體現(xiàn)著承運方的利益。而對貨主的保護則相對較少。這也是船貨雙方力量不均衡的體現(xiàn)。力量不均衡勢力相互妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物不可避免地有各種缺點和不足。比如期限過短,限額過低等。而且,隨著國際經(jīng)貿(mào)的發(fā)展,海牙規(guī)則的部份內(nèi)容已落后,不適應(yīng)新的需要。對其修改已成為種必然趨勢。這樣,從60年代開始,國際海事委員會著手修改海牙規(guī)則,于1968年2月通過了《關(guān)于修訂統(tǒng)一提單若干法律規(guī)定的國際公約的協(xié)定書》,簡稱《海牙—維斯比規(guī)則》,并于1977年6月生效,這就是維斯比規(guī)則。1978年3月6日至31日在德國漢堡舉行由聯(lián)合國主持的由78國代表參加的海上貨物運輸大會又通過了《漢堡規(guī)則》,即聯(lián)合國海上貨物運輸公約(United Nations Conventiononthe Carriage of GoodsbySea,1978),于1992年11月1日生效,進一步完善了海上貨物運輸規(guī)則。

            海牙規(guī)則的產(chǎn)生背景

            提單的使用由來已久。早期的提單,無論是內(nèi)容還是格式,都比較簡單,而且其作用也較為單一,僅作為貨物的交接憑證,只是表明貨物已經(jīng)裝船的收據(jù)。隨著國際貿(mào)易和海上貨物運輸?shù)闹鸩桨l(fā)展,提單的性質(zhì)、作用和內(nèi)容特別是其中的背面條款都發(fā)生了巨大變化。

            在提單產(chǎn)生的早期,即自貨物托運形式出現(xiàn)后的很長一個時期,在海上航運最為發(fā)達的英國,一方面,從事提單運輸?shù)某羞\人,即英國習慣上視為“公共承運人”(Common Carrier)必須按照英國普通法(Commonlaw)對所承運的貨物負絕對責任,即負有在目的港將貨物以裝貨港收到貨物時的相同狀態(tài)交給收貨人的義務(wù),對所運貨物的滅失或損壞,除因天災(zāi)(ActofGod)、公敵行為(QueensEnemies)、貨物的潛在缺陷、托運人的過錯行為所造成,或?qū)儆诠餐p損失之外,不論承運人本人、船長、船員或其他受雇人、代理人有無過錯,承運人均應(yīng)負賠償責任。但另一方面,法律對私人合同卻采取“契約自由”原則,這就為承運人逃避普通法上的法律責任打開了方便之門,承運人在提單上列入對貨物滅失或損失免責的條款,強加給貨主的各種不公平的條件和不應(yīng)承擔的風險越來越多。這種免責條款從18世紀開始出現(xiàn),到19世紀中期的后半期,便發(fā)展到不可收拾的地步。有的提單上的免責事項甚至多達六七十項,以至有人說,承運人只有收取運費的權(quán)利,無責任可言。承運人濫用契約自由,無限擴大免責范圍的作法使當時的國際貿(mào)易和運輸秩序陷入極度的混亂,其直接結(jié)果不但使貨方正當權(quán)益失去了起碼的保障,而且還出現(xiàn)了保險公司不敢承保,銀行不肯匯兌,提單在市場上難以轉(zhuǎn)讓流通的不良局面。這不僅損壞了貨主、保險商和銀行的利益,而且也嚴重阻礙了航運業(yè)自身的發(fā)展。

            在以英國為代表的船東國在提單上濫用免責條款的時期,以美國為代表的貨主國利益受到了極大的損害。為了保護本國商人的利益,美國于1893年制定了著名的《哈特法》(HarterAct),即《關(guān)于船舶航行、提單,以及財產(chǎn)運輸有關(guān)的某些義務(wù)、職責和權(quán)利的法案》。該法規(guī)定,在美國國內(nèi)港口之間以及美國港口與外國港口之間進行貨物運輸?shù)某羞\人,不得在提單上加入由于自己的過失而造成貨物滅失或損害而不負責任的條款,同時還規(guī)定承運人應(yīng)謹慎處理使船舶適航,船長船員對貨物應(yīng)謹慎裝載、管理和交付。該法規(guī)定,凡違反這些規(guī)定的提單條款,將以違反美國“公共秩序”為由宣告無效。

            《哈特法》的產(chǎn)生,對以后的國際航運立法產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。澳大利亞1904年制定了《海上貨物運輸法》;新西蘭于1908年制定了《航運及海員法》;加拿大于1910年制定了《水上貨物運輸法》。這些立法都采納了《哈特法》確定的基本原則,根據(jù)《哈特法》的有關(guān)規(guī)定對提單的內(nèi)容進行了調(diào)整。但是,少數(shù)國家的努力是難以解決承運人無邊際免責的實質(zhì)問題。而且各國立法不一,各輪船公司制定的提單條款也不相同,極大地妨礙了海上貨物運輸合同的簽訂,不利于國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。國際海上貨物運輸不可能按某一國的法律處理,因此,制定統(tǒng)一的國際海上貨物運輸公約來制約提單已勢在必行。

            第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)雖然延緩了制定國際統(tǒng)一規(guī)則的進程,但同時又給制定國際統(tǒng)一規(guī)則帶來了生機。戰(zhàn)后由于全球性的經(jīng)濟危機,貨主、銀行、保險界與船東的矛盾更加激化。在這種情況下,以往對限制合同自由,修正不合理免責條款問題一直不感興趣的英國,為了和其殖民地在經(jīng)濟上、政治上采取妥協(xié)態(tài)度,也主動與其他航運國家和組織一起尋求對上述問題的有效解決方法,也主張制定國際公約,以維護英國航運業(yè)的競爭能力,保持英國的世界航運大國的地位。為此,國際法協(xié)會所屬海洋法委員會(Maritimelaw Committee)于1921年5月17日至20日在荷蘭首都海牙召開會議,制定了一個提單規(guī)則,定名為《海牙規(guī)則》,供合同當事人自愿采納。以此為基礎(chǔ),在1922年10月9日至11日在英國倫敦召開會議,對海牙規(guī)則進行若干修改,同年10月17日至26日,于比利時布魯塞爾舉行的討論海事法律的外交會議上,與會代表作出決議,建議各國政府采納這個規(guī)則,在稍作修改后使之國內(nèi)法化。1923年10 月,又在布魯塞爾召開海商法國際會議,由海商法國際會議指派委員會對這個規(guī)則繼續(xù)作了一些修改,完成海牙規(guī)則的制定工作。隨后,1923年11月英國帝國經(jīng)濟會議通過決議,一方面建議各成員國政府和議會采納這個修訂后的規(guī)則使之國內(nèi)法化;另一方面率先通過國內(nèi)立法,使之國內(nèi)法化,由此而產(chǎn)生了《1924年英國海上貨物運輸法》(Carriage of Goods by SeaAct1924-COGSA)。這個法律在1924年8月獲英女皇批準。1924年8月25日,各國政府的代表也在布魯塞爾通過了簡稱《海牙規(guī)則》的《1924年統(tǒng)一提單若干法律規(guī)定的國際公約》。

            《海牙規(guī)則》于1931年6月2日正式生效。歐美許多國家都加入了這個公約。有的國家仿效英國的作法,通過國內(nèi)立法使之國內(nèi)法化;有的國家根據(jù)這一公約的基本精神,另行制定相應(yīng)的國內(nèi)法;還有些國家雖然沒有加入這一公約,但他們的一些船公司的提單條款也采用了這一公約的精神。所以,這一公約是海上貨物運輸中有關(guān)提單的最重要的和目前仍普遍被采用的國際公約。我國雖然沒有加入該公約,但卻把它作為制定我國《海商法》的重要參考依據(jù);我國不少船公司的提單條款也采納了這一公約的精神。所以,《海牙規(guī)則》堪稱現(xiàn)今海上貨物運輸方面最重要的國際公約。 海牙規(guī)則的主要內(nèi)容

            海牙規(guī)則全文共有16條,其中第1條至第10條是實質(zhì)性條款,主要內(nèi)容包括:

            1、關(guān)于承運人的責任期間。規(guī)定承運人對運輸貨物承擔責任的期間是“自貨物裝上船舶開始至卸離船舶為止”。

            2、關(guān)于承運人的責任。規(guī)定承運人必須承擔的責任是,在開航以前和開航當時謹慎處理使船舶適航;妥善地配備船員、裝備船舶和配備供應(yīng)品;使貨艙、冷藏艙、冷氣艙和該船其他載貨處所適于并能安全收受、載運和保管貨物;以及適當而謹慎地裝載、操作、運送、保管、照料和卸下所運貨物。

            3、關(guān)于承運人的免責。海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定了承運人對船長、船員在駕駛和管理船舶的過失;火災(zāi);海上或其他通航水域的災(zāi)難、危險或意外事故;天災(zāi);戰(zhàn)爭行為;公敵行為;政府依法扣押;檢疫限制;托運人的過失;罷工、關(guān)廠、停工或勞動力受到限制;在海上救助或企圖救助人命或財產(chǎn);貨物的固有缺點等17項免責事項。其中最引起托運人不滿的免責事項是航行過失免責,即承運人對船長、船員、引航員或承運人的雇傭人員在駕駛或管理船舶中的行為,疏忽或過失引起的貨物滅失或損壞,可以免除賠償責任。

            4、關(guān)于承運人的賠償責任限制。規(guī)定承運人對每件或每單位貨物的賠償限額為100英鎊。

            5、關(guān)于訴訟時效。規(guī)定對貨物滅失或損壞賠償?shù)脑V訟時效“自貨物交付之日或應(yīng)交付之日一年以內(nèi)”。

            6、關(guān)于公約的適用范圍。規(guī)定“適用在任何締約國所簽發(fā)的一切提單”,

            7、關(guān)于公約適用的強制性。規(guī)定運輸合同中凡是解除或減輕公約規(guī)定承運人責任的任何條款、約定或協(xié)議均屬無效。

            擴展閱讀:

            1.海牙規(guī)則的特點:

            2.《海牙規(guī)則》規(guī)定的承運人的責任是最低限度的,僅包括兩項強制性的義務(wù),一是適航義務(wù),二是管貨的義務(wù)。責任制為不完全的過錯責任制。責任期間是從貨物裝上船起至卸完船為止的期間。承運人的免責事項規(guī)定很多,約有17項,列舉如下:(1)船長、船員、引水員或承運人的雇用人在駕駛或管理船舶中的行為、疏忽或不履行職責;(2)火災(zāi),但由于承運人實際過失或者私謀所造成的除外;(3)海上或其他可航水域的風險、危險或者是以外事故;(4)天災(zāi);(5)戰(zhàn)爭行為;(6)公敵行為;(7)君主、統(tǒng)治者或人民的扣留或拘禁或依法扣押;(8)檢疫限制;(9)貨物托運人或貨主、其代理人或代表的行為或不行為;(10)不論由于何種原因引起的局部或全面的罷工、關(guān)廠、停工或勞動力受到限制;(11)暴亂和民變;(12)救助或企圖救助海上人命或財產(chǎn);(13)由于貨物的固有瑕疵、性質(zhì)或缺陷所造成的容積或者重量的損失,或者任何其他滅失或損害;(14)包裝不當;(15)標志不清或不當;(16)盡適當?shù)闹斏魉荒馨l(fā)現(xiàn)的潛在缺陷;(17)不是由于承運人的實際過失或私謀,或是承運人的代理人或受雇人員的過失或疏忽所引起的任何其他原因。

            3.從以上可以看出,《海牙規(guī)則》對于承運人的免責太多,這樣對托運人是不公平的,所以,后來的《維斯比規(guī)則》對《海牙規(guī)則》進行了一些修改和補充。這些修改和補充包括加大了承運人的賠償限額,從原來的每件或每單位不超過100英鎊,變更為每件或每單位1萬金法郎或每公斤30金法郎,兩者以高者計算等等,但是這并沒有從根本上改變托運人不利的處境,《漢堡規(guī)則》相比較而言就比較公平合理。 維斯比規(guī)則

            什么是維斯比規(guī)則

            《維斯比規(guī)則》是《修改統(tǒng)一提單若干法律規(guī)定的國際公約議定書》(Protocol to Amend

            the International Convention forthe Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill so

            flading)的簡稱。

            于1968年6月23日在布魯塞爾外交會議上通過,自1977年6月23日生效。截止1996年9月,參加該規(guī)則的國家共有29個,其中包括英國、法國、德國、荷蘭、西班牙、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、意大利和日本等主要航運國家。因該議定書的準備工作在瑞典的維斯比完成而得名。《維斯比規(guī)則》是《海牙規(guī)則》的修改和補充,故常與《海牙規(guī)則》一起,稱為《海牙-維斯比規(guī)則》。

            制定《維斯比規(guī)則》的背景

            《海牙規(guī)則》自1931年生效實施后,得到了國際航運界普遍接受,它的歷史作用在于使國際海上貨物運輸有法可依,統(tǒng)一了海上貨物運輸中的提單條款,對提單的規(guī)范化起到了積極作用,基本上緩和了當時承運方和托運方之間的矛盾,促進了國際貿(mào)易和海上運輸事業(yè)的發(fā)展。但隨著國際政治、經(jīng)濟形勢的變化,以及航海、造船技術(shù)日新月異的進步,使海上運輸方式發(fā)生了重大變革,特別是集裝箱運輸方式的出現(xiàn)和迅猛發(fā)展,《海牙規(guī)則》的內(nèi)容已不適應(yīng)新形勢發(fā)展的需要。尤其關(guān)于承運人的大量免責條款明顯偏袒船方利益,通貨膨脹的現(xiàn)實使100英鎊的賠償限額明顯過低等原因,到了50年代未,要求修改《海牙規(guī)則》的呼聲日漸強烈。

            基于上述這種形勢,國際海事委員會于1959年在南斯拉夫的里吉卡舉行第二十四屆大會,會上決定成立小組委員會負責修改《海牙規(guī)則》。根據(jù)各國代表對修改《海牙規(guī)則》的建議,1963年小組委員會草擬了修改《海牙規(guī)則》的議定書草案,提交給1967年、1968年召開的海事法會議審議,經(jīng)會議審議通過后,于1968年2月“日在比利時的布魯塞爾召開的、由53個國家或地區(qū)代表參加的第十二屆海洋法外交會議上通過,定名為《修改統(tǒng)一提單若干法律規(guī)定的國際公約議定書》,并簡稱為“1968年布魯塞爾議定書”(The 1968 Brusls

            Protocol)。由于該議定書草案在斯德哥爾摩討論期間,參加會議的成員到過哥特蘭島的維斯比城,為借用中世紀維斯比海法之名聲,故將該議定書稱為《維斯比規(guī)則》(Visby Rules)。經(jīng)過議定書修訂后的《海牙規(guī)則》稱為《海牙-維斯比規(guī)則》(Hague-Visby Rules)。該議定書于1977年6月23日生效。

            《維斯比規(guī)則》的主要內(nèi)容

            《維斯比規(guī)則》共十七條,但只有前六條才是實質(zhì)性的規(guī)定,對《海牙規(guī)則》的第三、四、九、十條進行了修改。其主要修改內(nèi)容有:

            擴大了規(guī)則的適用范圍

            《海牙規(guī)則》的各條規(guī)定僅適用于締約國所簽發(fā)的提單。《維斯比規(guī)則》擴大了其適用范圍,其中的第五條第三款規(guī)定:①在締約國簽發(fā)的提單;②貨物在一個締約國的港口起運;③提單載明或為提單所證明的合同規(guī)定,該合同受公約的各項規(guī)則或者使其生效的任何一個國家的立法所約束,不論承運人、托運人、收貨人或任何其他有關(guān)人員的國籍如何。該規(guī)定的意思只要提單或為提單所證明的運輸合同上有適用《維斯比規(guī)則》的規(guī)定,該提單或運輸合同就要受《維斯比規(guī)則》的約束。

            明確了提單的證據(jù)效力

            《海牙規(guī)則》第三條第四款規(guī)定,提單上載明的貨物主要標志、件數(shù)或重量和表面狀況應(yīng)作為承運人按其上所載內(nèi)容收到貨物的初步證據(jù)。至于提單轉(zhuǎn)讓至第三人的證據(jù)效力,未作進一步的規(guī)定。《維斯比規(guī)則》為了彌補上述的缺陷,在第一條第一款則補充規(guī)定:“……但是,當提單轉(zhuǎn)讓至善意的第三人時,與此相反的證據(jù)將不能接受。”這表明對于善意行事的提單受讓人來說,提單載明的內(nèi)容具有最終證據(jù)效力。所謂“善意行事”是指提單受讓人在接受提單時并不知道裝運的貨物與提單的內(nèi)容有何不符之處,而是出于善意完全相信提單記載的內(nèi)容。這就是說,《維斯比規(guī)則》確立了一項在法律上禁止翻供的原則,即當提單背書轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三者后,該提單就是貨物已按上面記載的狀況裝船的最終證據(jù)。承運人不得借口在簽發(fā)清潔提單前貨物就已存在缺陷或包裝不當來對抗提單持有人。

            這一補充規(guī)定,有利于進一步保護提單的流通與轉(zhuǎn)讓,也有利于維持提單受讓人或收貨人的合法權(quán)益。一旦收貨人發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物與提單記載不符,承運人只能負責賠償,不得提出任何抗辯的理由。

            強調(diào)了承運人及其受雇人員的責任限制

            海上貨物運輸合同當事人涉訟多因一方當事人的違約而引起。但在有些國家承認雙重訴訟的權(quán)利,即貨主在其貨物遭受損害時,可以以承運人違反運輸合同或以其侵權(quán)為由向承運人起訴。在貨主以侵權(quán)為由提出訴訟時,承運人便不能引用《海牙規(guī)則》中的免責和責任限制的規(guī)定。如果不能對此加以限制,運輸法規(guī)中的責任限制規(guī)定就形同虛設(shè),為進一步強調(diào)承運人及其受雇人員享有該權(quán)利,《維斯比規(guī)則》第三條規(guī)定:“本公約規(guī)定的抗辯和責任限制,應(yīng)適用于就運輸合同涉及的有關(guān)貨物的滅失或損壞對承運人提出的任何訴訟,不論該訴訟是以合同為根據(jù)還是以侵權(quán)行為為根據(jù)。”“如果訴訟是對承運人的受雇人員或代理人(該受雇人員或代理人不是獨立訂約人)提起的,該受雇人員或代理人也有權(quán)援引《海牙規(guī)則》規(guī)定的承運人的各項抗辯和責任限制。”“向承運人及其受雇人員或代理人索賠的數(shù)額,在任何情況下都不得超過本公約規(guī)定的賠償限額。”根據(jù)以上規(guī)定,使得合同之訴和侵權(quán)之訴處于相同的地位:承運人的受雇人員或代理人也享有責任限制的權(quán)利。英國法院在審理“喜馬拉雅”輪一案時,曾對承運人的受雇人員或代理人能否享受承運人所享受的權(quán)利作出否定的判決,認為承運人的受雇人員或代理人無權(quán)援引承運人與他人簽訂的合同中的條款。所以在此案后,承運人紛紛在提單上規(guī)定承運人的受雇人員或代理人可以援引承運人的免責或責任限制。人們稱這一條款為“喜馬拉雅條款”。顯然《維斯比規(guī)則》的這一規(guī)定有利于保護船東的利益。

            提高了承運人對貨物損害賠償?shù)南揞~

            《海牙規(guī)則》規(guī)定承運人對每件或每單位的貨物損失的賠償限額為100英鎊,而《維斯比規(guī)則》第二條則規(guī)定,每件或每單位的賠償限額提高到10000金法郎,同時還增加一項以受損貨物毛重為標準的計算方法,即每公斤為30金法郎,以兩者中較高者為準。采用的金法郎仍以金本位為基礎(chǔ),目的在于防止日后法郎紙幣的貶值,一個金法郎是含金純度為900/1000的黃金65.5毫克的單位。一旦法郎貶值,仍以上述的黃金含量為計算基礎(chǔ),在《維斯比規(guī)則》通過時,10000金法郎大約等于431英鎊,與《海牙規(guī)則》規(guī)定的100英鎊相比,這一賠償限額顯然是大大提高了。 這一規(guī)定不但提高了賠償限額,而且創(chuàng)造了一項新的雙重限額制度,不但維護了貨主的利益,而且這種制度也為以后《漢堡規(guī)則》和我國《海商法》所接受。

            另外,該規(guī)則還規(guī)定了喪失賠償責任限制權(quán)利的條件,即如經(jīng)證實損失是由于承運人蓄意造成,或者知道很可能會造成這一損害而毫不在意的行為或不行為所引起,則承運人無權(quán)享受責任限制的權(quán)利。

            增加了“集裝箱條款”

            《海牙規(guī)則》沒有關(guān)于集裝箱運輸?shù)囊?guī)定。《維斯比規(guī)則》增加“集裝箱條款”,以適應(yīng)國際集裝箱運輸發(fā)展的需要。該規(guī)則第二條第三款規(guī)定:“如果貨物是用集裝箱、托盤或類似的裝運器具集裝時,則提單中所載明的裝在這種裝運器具中的包數(shù)或件數(shù),應(yīng)視為本款中所述的包或件數(shù);如果不在提單上注明件數(shù),則以整個集裝箱或托盤為一件計算。”該條款的意思是,如果提單上具體載明在集裝箱內(nèi)的貨物包數(shù)或件數(shù),計算責任限制的單位就按提單上所列的件數(shù)為準;否則,則將一個集裝箱或一個托盤視為一件貨物。

            訴訟時效的延長

            《海牙規(guī)則》規(guī)定,貨物滅失或損害的訴訟時效為一年,從交付貨物或應(yīng)當交付貨物之日起算。《維斯比規(guī)則》第一條第二款、第三款則補充規(guī)定,訴訟事由發(fā)生后,只要雙方當事人同意,這一期限可以延長,明確了訴訟時效可經(jīng)雙方當事人協(xié)議延長的規(guī)定。對于追償時效則規(guī)定,即使在規(guī)定的一年期滿之后,只要是在受法院法律準許期間之內(nèi),便可向第三方提起索賠訴訟。但是準許的時間自提起訴訟的人已經(jīng)解決索賠案件,或向其本人送達起訴狀之日起算,不得少于三個月。

            《維斯比規(guī)則》議定書

            《維斯比規(guī)則》規(guī)定的承運人責任限制金額計算單位為法郎,并以黃金作為定值標準。由于黃金本身的價格是根據(jù)市場供求關(guān)系自由漲落的,所以以金法郎責任限制計算單位的實際價值也不能保持穩(wěn)定。針對這一情況,1979年在布魯塞爾召開有37國代表出席的外交會議上,通過了修訂《海牙-維斯比規(guī)則》(The l979 Protocol to the Hague Rules)議定書。議定書將承運人責任限制的計算單位,由金法郎改為特別提款權(quán)(Special Drawing center,SDR),按15金法郎折合1SDR。議定書規(guī)定承運人的責任限制金額為每件或每單位666.67SDR,或按貨物毛重計算每公斤2SDR,兩者中以較高者為準。但國內(nèi)法規(guī)定不能使用特別提款權(quán)的締約國,仍可以金法郎作為計算單位,該議定書于1984年4月開始生效。

            特別提款權(quán)是國際貨幣基金組織于1969年創(chuàng)設(shè)的,作為國際儲備的貨幣單位。自1981年1月1日起,特別提款權(quán)由5種世界上貿(mào)易出口額最高國家的貨幣,即美元、德國馬克、日元、法國法郎和英鎊按每5年調(diào)整一次的比例構(gòu)成。據(jù)基金會1990年10月9日新聞公報,自1991年1月1日起,調(diào)整特別提款權(quán)構(gòu)成比例為:美元40%,德國馬克21%,日元17%,法國法郎11%,英鎊11%。此比例于1995年底以前不變。特別提款權(quán)既為一種賬面資產(chǎn),又為一種聯(lián)合貨幣,只是不在市場上流通、兌換。其價格計算方法:首先將其構(gòu)成中所含其他4種貨幣金額,按照當日倫敦外匯市場匯價分別折算為等值美元,然后把所有美元值相加,即得出1單位特別提款權(quán)美元值。此特別提款權(quán)價格由世界銀行逐日掛牌公布。

            維斯比規(guī)則(英文版)

            Hague-Visby Rules Article I

            Definitions

            In the Rules the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them

            respectively, that is to say,

            (a) "carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a

            shipper;

            (b) "contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or

            any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by water,

            including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a

            charter-party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates

            the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same;

            (c) "goods" includes goods, wares, merchandi and articles of every kind whatsoever, except

            live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so

            carried;

            (d) "ship" means any vesl ud for the carriage of goods by water;

            (e) "carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the

            time they are discharged from the ship

            Article II

            Risks

            Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by water the

            carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such

            goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and

            immunities hereinafter t forth.

            Article III

            Responsibilities and Liabilities

            1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exerci due

            diligence to

            (a) make the ship aworthy;

            (b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;

            (c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which

            goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and prervation.

            2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle,

            stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.

            3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier,

            shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things

            (a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in

            writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or

            otherwi shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cas or coverings in which such

            goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the

            voyage;

            (b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the ca may be, as

            furnished in writing by the shipper; (c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:

            Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the

            bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for

            suspecting not accurately to reprent the goods actually received or which he has had no

            reasonable means of checking.

            4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods

            as therein described in accordance with paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).

            However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been

            transferred to a third party acting in good faith.

            5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of

            shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall

            indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages and expens arising or resulting from inaccuracies

            in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his

            responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.

            6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in

            writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the

            goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or,

            if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, such removal shall be prima facie

            evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.

            The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has at the time of their receipt

            been the subject of joint survey or inspection.

            Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all

            liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery

            or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the

            parties so agree after the cau of action has arin.

            In the ca of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give

            all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.

            An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration

            of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought within the time allowed by the law

            of the Court ized of the ca. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months,

            commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has ttled the claim

            or has been rved with process in the action against himlf.

            7. After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master or agent of

            the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a "shipped" bill of lading, provided

            that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall

            surrender the same as against the issue of the "shipped" bill of lading, but at the option of the

            carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent

            with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date

            or dates of shipment, and when so noted the same shall for the purpo of this Article be deemed to

            constitute a "shipped" bill of lading.

            8. Any clau, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship

            from liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lesning such liability otherwi

            than as provided in the Rules, shall be null and void and of no effect.

            A benefit of insurance or similar clau shall be deemed to be a clau relieving the carrier

            from liability.

            Article IV

            Rights and Immunities

            1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from

            unaworthiness unless caud by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship

            aworthy, and to cure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the

            holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit

            and safe for their reception, carriage and prervation in accordance with the provisions of

            paragraph 1 of Article III.

            Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unaworthiness, the burden of proving the

            exerci of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this

            article.

            2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting

            from

            (a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the rvants of the carrier in the

            navigation or in the management of the ship;

            (b) fire, unless caud by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;

            (c) perils, dangers and accidents of the a or other navigable waters;

            (d) act of God;

            (e) act of war;

            (f) act of public enemies;

            (g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or izure under legal process;

            (h) quarantine restrictions;

            (i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or reprentative;

            (j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cau, whether partial

            or general;

            (k) riots and civil commotions;

            (l) saving or attempting to save life or property at a;

            (m) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect,

            quality or vice of the goods;

            (n) insufficiency of packing;

            (o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;

            (p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

            (q) any other cau arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the

            fault or neglect of the agents or rvants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the

            person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the

            carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or rvants of the carrier contributed to the loss or

            damage. 3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship

            arising or resulting from any cau without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his

            rvants.

            4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at a or any reasonable

            deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of the Rules or of the contract of

            carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.

            5. (a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before

            shipment and inrted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or

            become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding

            666.67 units of account per package or unit or 2 units of account per kilogramme of gross weight

            of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.

            (b) The total amount recoverable shall be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at

            the place and time at which the goods are discharged from the ship in accordance with the contract

            or should have been so discharged.

            The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, or, if there

            be no such price, according to the current market price, or, if there be no commodity exchange

            price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and

            quality.

            (c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is ud to consolidate goods, the

            number of packages or units enumerated in the bill of lading as packed in such article of transport

            shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpo of this paragraph as far as the

            packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered

            the package or unit.

            (d) The unit of account mentioned in this Article is the Special Drawing Right as defined by

            the International Monetary Fund. The amounts mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph

            shall be converted into national currency on the basis of the value of that currency on the date to be

            determined by the law of the Court ized of the ca. The value of the national currency, in terms

            of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is a member of the International Monetary Fund,

            shall be calculated in accordance with the method of valuation applied by the International

            Monetary Fund in effect at the date in question for its operations and transactions. The value of the

            national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is not a member of the

            International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in a manner determined by that State.

            Nevertheless, a State which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund and who

            law does not permit the application of the provisions of the preceding ntences may, at the time of

            ratification of the Protocol of 1979 or accession thereto or at any time thereafter, declare that the

            limits of liability provided for in this Convention to be applied in its territory shall be fixed as

            follows:

            (i) in respect of the amount of 666.67 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of

            paragraph 5 of this Article, 10,000 monetary units;

            (ii) in respect of the amount of 2 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph

            5 of this Article, 30 monetary units. The monetary unit referred to in the preceding ntence corresponds to 65.5 milligrammes of

            gold of millesimal fineness 900. The conversion of the amounts specified in that ntence into the

            national currency shall be made according to the law of the State concerned. The calculation and

            the conversion mentioned in the preceding ntences shall be made in such a manner as to express

            in the national currency of that State as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in

            sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 5 of this Article as is expresd there in units of account.

            States shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation or the result of the

            conversion as the ca may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification of the Protocol of

            1979 or of accession thereto and whenever there is a change in either.

            (e) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability

            provided for in this paragraph if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of

            the carrier done with intent to cau damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would

            probably result.

            (f) The declaration mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, if embodied in the bill

            of lading, shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.

            (g) By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper other

            maximum amounts than tho mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be fixed,

            provided that no maximum amount so fixed shall be less than the appropriate maximum mentioned

            in that sub-paragraph.

            (h) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or

            in connection with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly mis-stated by the

            shipper in the bill of lading.

            6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the

            carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not connted, with knowledge of their nature and

            character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered

            innocuous by the carrier without compensation, and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all

            damages and expens directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment.

            If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and connt shall become a danger to the ship

            or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the

            carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.

            Article IVbis

            Application of Defences and Limits of Liability

            1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in the Rules shall apply in any action

            against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether

            the action be founded in contract or in tort.

            2. If such an action is brought against a rvant or agent of the carrier (such rvant or agent

            not being an independent contractor), such rvant or agent shall be entitled to avail himlf of the

            defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under the Rules.

            3. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such rvants and agents,

            shall in no ca exceed the limit provided for in the Rules.

            4. Nevertheless, a rvant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himlf of the

            provisions of this Article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the rvant or agent done with intent to cau damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage

            would probably result.

            Article V

            Surrender of Rights and Immunities, and Increa of Responsibilities and Liabilities

            A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and

            immunities or to increa any of his responsibilities and liabilities under the Rules contained in any

            of the Articles, provided such surrender or increa shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued

            to the shipper.

            The provisions of the Rules shall not be applicable to charter-parties, but if bills of lading

            are issued in the ca of a ship under a charter-party they shall comply with the terms of the

            Rules. Nothing in the Rules shall be held to prevent the inrtion in a bill of lading of any lawful

            provision regarding general average.

            Article VI

            Special Conditions

            Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the

            carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any

            agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to

            the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to

            aworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of

            his rvants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and

            discharge of the goods carried by water, provided that in this ca no bill of lading has been or

            shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a

            non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.

            Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.

            Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the

            ordinary cour of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the

            property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be

            performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.

            Article VII

            Limitations on the Application of the Rules

            Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement,

            stipulation, condition, rervation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier

            or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connection with the custody and care and handling of

            goods prior to the loading on and subquent to the discharge from the ship on which the goods are

            carried by water.

            Article VIII

            Limitation of Liability

            The provisions of the Rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under

            any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of vesls.

            Article IX

            Liability for Nuclear Damage The Rules shall not affect the provisions of any international Convention or national law

            governing liability for nuclear damage.

            Article X

            Application

            The provisions of the Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of

            goods between ports in two different States if:

            (a) the bill of lading is issued in a Contracting State, or

            (b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or

            (c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that the Rules or

            legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract,

            whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any

            other interested person. 漢堡規(guī)則

            什么是漢堡規(guī)則

            《漢堡規(guī)則》是聯(lián)合國海上貨物運輸公約(United Nations Convention on the Carriage of

            Goods by Sea,1978)的簡稱。于1978年3月6日至31日在德國漢堡舉行由聯(lián)合國主持的有78國代表參加的海上貨物運輸大會討論通過,于1992年11月1日生效。截至1996年10月,共有成員國25個,其中絕大數(shù)為發(fā)展中國家,占全球外貿(mào)船舶噸位數(shù)90%的國家都未承認該規(guī)則。

            制定漢堡規(guī)則的背景

            海牙規(guī)則是本世紀20年代的產(chǎn)物,曾發(fā)揮它應(yīng)有的作用,隨著國際貿(mào)易和海運的發(fā)展,要求修改海牙規(guī)則的呼聲不斷,對其進行修改已在所難免。如何進行修改,兩種思路導致了兩種不同的結(jié)果。

            一種是以英國、北歐等海運發(fā)達國家的船方利益為代表,由國際海事委員負責起草修改,最終導致《海牙-維斯比規(guī)則》產(chǎn)生。對海牙規(guī)則的一些有益修改,對維護在海牙規(guī)則基礎(chǔ)上的船貨雙方利益起了一定的積極作用。

            另一種思路來自廣大的發(fā)展中國家,代表了貨主的利益,提出徹底修改海牙規(guī)則的要求日益高漲,聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的航運委員會于1969年4月的第三屆會議上設(shè)立了國際航運立法工作組,研究提單的法律問題。

            工作組在1971年2月,國際航運立法工作組召開的第二次會議上作出兩項決議:第一,對海牙規(guī)則和維斯比規(guī)則進行修改,必要時制定新的國際公約;

            第二,在審議修訂上述規(guī)則時,應(yīng)清除規(guī)則含義不明確之處,建立船貨雙方平等分擔海運貨物風險的制度。

            后來,此項工作移交給聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會。該委員會下設(shè)的國際航運立法工作組,于1976年5月完成起草工作,并提交1978年3月6日至31日在德國漢堡召開的有78個國家代表參加的聯(lián)合國海上貨物運輸公約外交會議審議,最后通過了1978年聯(lián)合國海上貨物運輸公約。由于這次會議是在漢堡召開的,所以這個公約又稱為漢堡規(guī)則。

            根據(jù)漢堡規(guī)則的生效條件規(guī)定:“本公約自第二十份批準書、接受書、認可書或加入書交存之日起滿一年后的次月第一日生效。”漢堡規(guī)則自1978年3月31日獲得通過,直至埃及遞交了批準書后滿足生效條件,于1992年11月1日起正式生效。

            漢堡規(guī)則的主要內(nèi)容

            漢堡規(guī)則全文共分七章三十四條條文,在漢堡規(guī)則的制定中,除保留了海牙-維斯比規(guī)則對海牙規(guī)則修改的內(nèi)容外,對海牙規(guī)則進行了根本性的修改,是一個較為完備的國際海上貨物運輸公約,明顯地擴大了承運人的責任。其主要內(nèi)容包括:

            承運人的責任原則

            海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定承運人的責任基礎(chǔ)是不完全過失責任制,它一方面規(guī)定承運人必須對自己的過失負責,另一方面又規(guī)定了承運人對航行過失及管船過失的免責條款。而漢堡規(guī)則確定了推定過失與舉證責任相結(jié)合的完全過失責任制。規(guī)定凡是在承運人掌管貨物期間發(fā)生貨損,除非承運人能證明承運人已為避免事故的發(fā)生及其后果采取了一切可能的措施,否則便椎定:損失系由承運人的過失所造成,承運人應(yīng)承擔賠償責任,很明顯,漢堡規(guī)則較海牙規(guī)則擴大了承運人的責任。

            承運人的責任期間

            漢堡規(guī)則第四條第一款規(guī)定:“承運人對貨物的責任期間包括在裝貨港、在運輸途中以及在卸貨港,貨物在承運人掌管的全部期間。”即承運人的責任期間從承運人接管貨物時起到交付貨物時止。與海牙規(guī)則的“鉤至鉤”或“舷至舷”相比,其責任期間擴展到“港到港”。解決了貨物從交貨到裝船和從卸船到收貨人提貨這兩段沒有人負責的空間,明顯地延長了承運人的責任期間。

            承運人賠償責任限額

            漢堡規(guī)則第六條第一款規(guī)定:“承運人對貨物滅失或損壞的賠償,以每件或其他裝運單位的滅失或損壞相當于835特別提款權(quán)或毛重每公斤2.5特別提款權(quán)的金額為限,兩者之中以其較高者為準。”

            對遲延交付貨物的責任

            遲延交付貨物的責任在海牙規(guī)則和維斯比規(guī)則中都沒有規(guī)定,漢堡規(guī)則第五條第二款則規(guī)定:“如果貨物未能在明確議定的時間內(nèi),或雖無此項議定,但未能在考慮到實際情況對一個勤勉的承運人所能合理要求時間內(nèi),在海上運輸合同所規(guī)定的卸貨港交貨,即為遲延交付。”對此,承運人應(yīng)對因遲延交付貨物所造成的損失承擔賠償責任。而且在第三款還進一步規(guī)定,如果貨物在第二款規(guī)定的交貨時間滿后連續(xù)六十天內(nèi)仍未能交付,有權(quán)對貨物滅失提出索賠的人可以認為貨物已經(jīng)滅失。漢堡規(guī)則第六條第一款還規(guī)定:“承運人對遲延交付的賠償責任,以相當于遲延交付貨物應(yīng)支付運費的2.5倍的數(shù)額為限,但不得超過海上貨物運輸合同規(guī)定的應(yīng)付運費總額。”

            承運人和實際承運人的賠償責

            漢堡規(guī)則中增加了實際承運人的概念。當承運人將全部或部分貨物委托給實際承運人辦理時,承運人仍需按公約規(guī)定對全部運輸負責。如果實際承運人及其雇用人或代理人的疏忽或過失造成的貨物損害,承運人和實際承運人均需負責的話,則在其應(yīng)負責的范圍內(nèi),承擔連帶責任。這種連帶責任托運人既可向?qū)嶋H承運人索賠,也可向承運人索賠,并且不因此妨礙承運人和實際承運人之間的追償權(quán)利。

            托運人的責任

            漢堡規(guī)則第十二條規(guī)定:“托運人對于承運人或?qū)嶋H承運人所遭受的損失或船舶遭受的損壞不負賠償責任。除非這種損失或損壞是由于托運人、托運人的雇用人或代理人的過失或疏忽所造成的。”這意味著托運人的責任也是過失責任。但需指出的是托運人的責任與承運人的責任不同之處在于承運人的責任中舉證由承運人負責,而托運人的責任中,托運人不負舉證責任,這是因為貨物在承運人掌管之下,所以也同樣需要承運人負舉證責任。漢堡規(guī)則這一規(guī)定,被我國海商法所接受。

            保函的法律地位

            海牙規(guī)則和維斯比規(guī)則沒有關(guān)于保函的規(guī)定,而漢堡規(guī)則第十七條對保函的法律效力作出了明確的規(guī)定,托運人為了換取清潔提單,可以向承運人出具承擔賠償責任的保函,該保函在承、托人之間有效,對包括受讓人、收貨人在內(nèi)的第三方一概無效。但是,如果承運人有意欺詐,對托運人也屬無效,而且承運人也不再享受責任限制的權(quán)利。

            索賠通知及訴訟時效

            海牙規(guī)則要求索賠通知必須由收貨人在收到貨物之前或收到貨物當時提交。如果貨物損失不明顯,則這種通知限于收貨后三日內(nèi)提交。漢堡規(guī)則延長了上述通知時間,規(guī)定收貨人可在收到貨物后的第一個工作日將貨物索賠通知送交承運人或其代理人,當貨物滅失或損害不明顯時,收貨人可在收到貨物后的十五天內(nèi)送交通知。同時還規(guī)定,對貨物遲延交付造成損失,收貨人應(yīng)在收貨后的六十天內(nèi)提交書面通知。

            管轄權(quán)和仲裁的規(guī)定

            海牙規(guī)則、維斯比規(guī)則均無管轄權(quán)的規(guī)定,只是在提單背面條款上訂有由船公司所在地法院管轄的規(guī)定,這一規(guī)定顯然對托運人、收貨人極為不利。漢堡規(guī)則第二十一條規(guī)定,原告可在下列法院選擇其一提起訴訟:①被告的主要營業(yè)所所在地,無主要營業(yè)所時,則為其通常住所所在地;②合同訂立地,而合同是通過被告在該地的營業(yè)所、分支或代理機構(gòu)訂立;③裝貨港或卸貨港;④海上運輸合同規(guī)定的其他地點。

            除此之外,海上貨物運輸合同當事人一方向另一方提出索賠之后,雙方就訴訟地點達成的協(xié)議仍有效,協(xié)議中規(guī)定的法院對爭議具有管轄權(quán)。

            漢堡規(guī)則第二十二條規(guī)定,爭議雙方可達成書面仲裁協(xié)議,由索賠人決定在下列地點之一提起:①被告的主要營業(yè)所所在地,如無主要營業(yè)所,則為通常住所所在地;②合同訂立地,而合同是通過被告在該地的營業(yè)所、分支或代理機構(gòu)訂立;③裝貨港或卸貨港。此外,雙方也可在仲裁協(xié)議中規(guī)定仲裁地點。仲裁員或仲裁庭應(yīng)按該規(guī)則的規(guī)定來處理爭議。

            規(guī)則的適用范圍

            該規(guī)則適用于兩個不同國家之間的所有海上貨物運輸合同,并且海上貨物運輸合同中規(guī)定的裝貨港或卸貨港位于其一締約國之內(nèi),或備選的卸貨港之一為實際卸港并位于某一締約國內(nèi);或者,提單或作為海上貨物運輸合同證明的其他單證在某締約國簽發(fā);或者提單或作為海上貨物運輸合同證明的其他單證規(guī)定,合同受該規(guī)則各項規(guī)定或者使其生效的任何國家立法的管轄。

            同海牙規(guī)則一樣,漢堡規(guī)則不適用于租船合同,但如提單根據(jù)租船合同簽發(fā),并調(diào)整出租人與承租人以外的提單持有人之間的關(guān)系,則適用該規(guī)則的規(guī)定。

            其他

            漢堡規(guī)則對海牙規(guī)則做了根本性的修改,擴大了承運人責任,具體規(guī)定如下:

            3.1進一步提高賠償責任限額

            《漢堡規(guī)則》第6條規(guī)定了承運人的賠償責任限額,對于貨物滅失損壞的限額為每件或每單位835特別提款權(quán)(SDR)、或者以毛重每公斤2.5特別提款權(quán),兩者中以高者為準。對于延遲交貨的賠償責任,為該延遲交付貨物應(yīng)付運費的2.5倍,但不得超過合同規(guī)定應(yīng)付運費的總額。對于貨物滅失、損壞及延遲交付均有的情形,以每件或每單位835特別提款權(quán)或毛重每公斤2.5特別提款權(quán)為準。對于集裝箱貨物,賠償原則等同于維斯比規(guī)則只是數(shù)額采用了漢堡規(guī)則的上述數(shù)額,對于承運人及其受雇人或代理人喪失賠償責任限制的,同維斯比規(guī)則。

            漢堡規(guī)則大幅提高了承運人的責任限額,是與國際政治經(jīng)濟形勢的發(fā)展變化相適應(yīng)的。提高責任限額,是對海牙維斯比規(guī)則過分維護承運人利益的一種糾正,是為了合理分擔風險的需要從長遠看,也是促進航運發(fā)展,建立國際經(jīng)濟新秩序的需要,是有其公正合理之處的。

            3.2管轄權(quán)和仲裁規(guī)定

            漢堡規(guī)則規(guī)定了海牙規(guī)則以及海牙—維斯比規(guī)則所沒有規(guī)定的管轄權(quán)和仲裁條款。對于管轄權(quán),原告可以選擇下列法院起訴:被告主營業(yè)所,無主營業(yè)所時,為通常住所;合同訂立地,而合同是通過被告在該地的營業(yè)所、分支或代理機構(gòu)訂立;裝貨港或卸貨港;或海上運輸合同為此目的而指定的任何地點。如果船鉑在締約國港口被扣,原告亦可向該港口所在地法院起訴。但此種情形下,原告需將訴訟轉(zhuǎn)移到前述有管轄權(quán)的法院之一進行,轉(zhuǎn)移前,被告必須提供足夠的擔保。對于仲裁,索賠方可選擇下列地點仲裁:被訴人有營業(yè)所或通常住所的一國某一地點;裝貨港、卸貨港;合同訂立地,且合同是通過被訴人在該地的營業(yè)所、分支、代理機構(gòu)訂立的;或仲裁條款協(xié)議中為此目的而指定的地點。

            3.3貨損索賠書面通知和訴訟時效

            漢堡規(guī)則相對于海牙規(guī)則,延長了上述時間限制。對于提高書面貨損索賠通知,海牙規(guī)則確定了收貨前或當時,漢堡規(guī)則為收貨后的次日;貨損不明顯,海牙規(guī)則為收貨后3日內(nèi),漢堡規(guī)則則為貨物交付后連續(xù)15日;對于延遲交付,海牙規(guī)則未規(guī)定,漢堡規(guī)則規(guī)定為貨物交付之日后連續(xù)60日,否則,承運人不負賠償責任。對于訴訟時效,海牙規(guī)則規(guī)定了貨物交付或應(yīng)交付之日起1年的時間,而漢堡規(guī)則規(guī)定了2年的訴訟時效。并規(guī)定負有賠償責任的人向他人提起追償之訴的時間為90日,自提起訴訟一方已處理其索賠案件或己接到向其本人送交的起訴傳票之日起算。漢堡規(guī)則作為平衡船貨雙方利益的一項國際公約,應(yīng)當說其制定是相對完備的,也是體現(xiàn)了公正合理的主旨。但作為即得利益者的海運大國卻不愿采納此公約,而是繼續(xù)采用海牙—維斯比規(guī)則,以維護其已得利益,因而,海運大國加入此公約的幾乎還沒有。因此,漢堡規(guī)則的普及化還有很長的路要走,建立公正合理的航運新秩序新規(guī)則也有很長的路要走,甚至要采用迂回或過渡性做法,這也是可能的,但這也只是個時間問題。

            -

            三個海運法則:海牙法則、維斯比法則、漢堡法則

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