雅思模擬

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Candidatename__________________________________________________________________

INTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEM0381/1

AcademicReading

PRACTICEMATERIALS1hour

Additionalmaterials:

AnswersheetforListeningandReading

Time1hour

INSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATES

Donotopenthisquestionpaperuntilyouaretoldtodoso.

Writeyournameandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.

Readtheinstructionsforeachpartofthepapercarefully.

Answerallthequestions.

ncil.

Youmustcompletetheanswersheetwithinthetimelimit.

Attheendofthetest,handinthisquestionpaperandyouranswersheet.

INFORMATIONFORCANDIDATES

Thereare40questionsonthisquestionpaper.

Eachquestioncarriesonemark.

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READINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebadonReadingPassage1on

pages3and4.

Questions1-6

ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.

Choothecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

ListofHeadings

ⅰTheappearanceandlocationofdifferentaweeds

ⅱThenutritionalvalueofaweeds

ⅲHowaweedsreproduceandgrow

ⅳHowtomakeagarfromaweeds

ⅴTheunder-uofnativeaweeds

ⅵSeaweedspeciesatriskofextinction

ⅶRecipesforhowtocookaweeds

ⅷTherangeofaweedproducts

ⅸWhyaweedsdon’tsinkordryout

1ParagraphA

2ParagraphB

3ParagraphC

4ParagraphD

5ParagraphE

6ParagraphF

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SeaweedsofNewZealand

ASeaweedisaparticularlywholesomefood,whichabsorbsandconcentratestracesofawide

varietyofmineralsnecessarytothebody’ementsmayoccurin

aweed-aluminum,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodineandiron,tonamebuta

few-tracesnormallyproducedbyerosionandcarriedtotheaweedbedsbyriveranda

dsarealsorichinvitamins;indeed,Inuitsobtainahighproportionoftheir

lthbenefitsofaweed

tance,thereisaremarkablylowincidenceofgoiteramong

theJapane,andalsoamongNewZealand’sindigenousMaoripeople,whohavealwayaten

aweeds,ch

intohistoricalMaorieatingcustomsshowsthatjelliesweremadeusingaweeds,nuts,

fuchsiaandtutuberries,capegooberries,andmanyotherfruitsbothnativetoNewZealand

anyplantlife,some

aweedsaremorepalatablethanothers,butinasurvivalsituation,mostaweedscouldbe

chewedtoprovideacertainsustenance.

BNewZealandlaysclaimtoapproximately700speciesofaweed,someofwhichhaveno

ralspeciesgrownworldwide,NewZealandalso

mple,itistimatedthatNewZealandhassome30

speciesofGigartina,reoftenreferredtoas

stancecalledagarwhichcanbeextractedfromthe

speciesgivesthemgreatcommercialapplicationintheproductionofameal,fromwhich

amealcustard(afoodproduct)ismade,andinthecanning,paintandleatherindustries.

Agarisalsoudinthemanufactureofcoughmixtures,cosmetics,confectioneryand

,duringWorldWarII,NewZealandGigartinawerenttoAustraliatobe

udintoothpaste.

CNewZealandhasmanyofthecommerciallyprofitableredaweeds,veralspeciesof

whichareasourceofagar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina).Despitethis,the

ghdistributionofthe

nthen,theeastcoast,and

theareaaroundHokianga,haveaconsiderablesupplyofthetwospeciesofPterocladiafrom

landudtoimporttheNorthernHemisphereIrishmoss

(Chondruscrispus)fromEnglandandready-madeagarfromJapan.

DSeaweedsaredividedintothreeclassdeterminedbycolour-red,brownandgreen-and

r,expectfortheunmistakablealettuce

(Ulva),fewaretotallyonecolour;andespeciallywhendry,somespeciescanchangecolor

significantly-abrownonemayturnquiteblack,oraredoneappearblack,brown,pinkor

ficationisneverthelessfacilitatedbythefactthatthefactorswhichdetermine

whereaaweedwillgrowarequitepreci,andtheytendthereforetooccurinvery

ghthereareexceptions,thegreenaweedsaremainly

shallow-wateralgae;thebrownsbelongtothemediumdepths;andtheredsareplantsofthe

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deeperwater,hallow-waterspeciesabletoresistlongperiods

ofexposuretosunandairareusuallyfoundontheuppershore,whiletholessableto

withstandsuchexposureoccurnearerto,ofbelow,ionfromthe

sun,thetemperaturelevel,andthelengthoftimeimmerdalsoplayapartinthezoningof

cksurfacesnearmid-leveltidesarethemostusualhabitatofa-bombs,

Venus’necklace,-water

rocksonopencoasts,expodonlyatverylowtide,areusuallythesiteofbull-kelp,

,orbladderkelp,

hasstemsthatritothesurfacefrommassivebasorholdfasts,theleafybranchesandlong

ribbonsofleavessurgingwiththeswellsbeyondthelineofshallowcoastalbreakersor

coveringvastareasofcalmercoastalwater.

EPropagationofaweedsoccursbyed-likespores,

haverootsintheusualn;fewhaveleaves;andnonehaveflowers,

plantsabsorbtheirnourishmentthroughtheirleafyfrondswhentheyaresurroundedbywater;

theholdfastofaweedsispurelyanattachingorgannotanabsorbingone.

FSomeofthelargeaweedsstayonthesurfaceofthewaterbymeansofair-filledfloats;

others,suchasbull-kelp,havelargecellsfilledwithair,oftenreducedehydrationeitherby

havingswollenstemsthatcontainwater,ortheymay(likeVenus’necklace)haveswollen

nodules,,liketheacactus,are

ofthelargerkelps,

thiscoatingisnotonlytokeeptheplantmoist,butalsotoprotectitfromtheviolentactionof

waves.

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Questions7-10

Completetheflow-chartbelow.

ChooNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.

Gigartinaaweed

(othername：7)

↓

Produces

↓

8

Isudtomakeisudtomake

9--medicines,such

As10

Isudtomake---cosmetics

Atypeofcustard----sweets

-----toothpastes

Questions11-13

Classifythefollowingcharacteristicsasbelongto

Abrownaweed

Bgreenaweed

Credaweed

Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.

11cansurvivetheheatanddrynessatthehigh-watermark

12growfaroutintheopena

13sharetheirsitewithkarengoaweed

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READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebadonReadingPassage2

onpages6and7.

TWOWINGSANDATOOLKIT

ArearchteamatOxfordUniversitydiscovertheremarkabletoolmakingskillsofNew

Caledoniancrowns

BettyandhermateAbelarecaptivecrowsinthecareofAlexKacelnik,anexpertinanimal

longtoaforest-dwellingspeciesofbird(Corvus

moneduloides)edoniancrowsare

tenaciouspredators,andtheonlybirdsthathabituallyuawidelectionoflf-madetools

tofindfood.

Oneofthewildcrows’cleveresttoolsinthecrochethook,madebydetachingasidetwig

fromalargerone,ycunningisa

toolcraftedfromthebarbedvine-leaf,whichconsistsofacentralribwithpairedleafletach

witharo-likethornatthetop,whichremainsasaready-madehooktoprioutincts

fromawkwardcracks.

Thecrows

toolhasabroadba,sharptip,arowoftinyhooksalongoneedge,andataperedshape

createdbythecrownippingandtearingtoformaprogressionofthreeorfourstepsalongthe

kesthistoolspecialisthattheymanufactureittoastandard

design,ghitisraretocatchacrowintheactof

clippingoutapadanusprobe,wedohaveampleproofoftheirworkmanship:thediscarded

arkablethingthatthe‘counterpart’leavestell

in-betweenortrail

’slefttherearcherswonderingwhether,likepeople,theyenvisagethetool

chhas

revealedthatgeneticsplaysapartinthelesssophisticatedtoolmakingskillsoffinchesinthe

nowsifthat’salsothecaforNewCaledoniancrows,butit’s

highlyunlikelythattheirtoolmakingskillsarehardwiredintothebrain.“Thepicturesofar

pointstoacombinationofculturaltransmission-fromparentbirdstotheiryoung-and

individualresourcefulness”,saysKacelnik.

InatestatOxford,Kacelnik’steamofferedBettyandAbelanoriginalchallenge-foodina

bucketatthebottomofa‘well’.Theonlywaytogetthefoodwastohookthebucketoutby

choiceoftools-astraightlengthofwireandonewithahookedend-the

birdsimmediatelypickedthehook,showingthattheydidindeedunderstandthefunctional

propertiesofthetool.

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Butdotheyalsohavetheforesightandcreativitytoplantheconstructionoftheirtools?

rriedoffthehook,leavingBettywith

nothingbutthestraightwire.‘Whathappenednextwasabsolutelyamazing’,saysKacelnik.

Shewedgedthetipofthewireintoacrackinaplasticdishandpulledtheotherendto

owsdon’thaveaccesstopliable,bendablematerialthatretains

itsshape,andBetty’sonlysimilarexperiencewasabriefencounterwithsomepipecleanersa

outoftenfurthertests,sheagainmadehooksandretrievedthebucket.

Thequestionofwhat’sgoingoninacrow’smindwilltaketimeandalotmoreexperimentsto

answer,ur

ancestors,whosuddenlybegantocreatesymmetricaltoolswithcarefullyworkededgessome

1.5millionyearsago,didn’tactuallyhavethesophisticatedmentalabilitieswithwhichwe

crutinyofthebrainsofNewCaledoniancrowsmightprovideafew

pointerstothespecialattributestheywouldhaveneeded.‘Ifwe’reluckywemayfindspecific

developmentsinthebrainthatttheanimalsapart,’saysKacelnik.

Oneofthemightbeaverystrongdegreeoflaterality-thespecializationofonesideofthe

le,theleftsideofthebraincontrolstheprocessingof

complexquentialtasks,heconquencesofthisis

stingly,biologistshavenoticedthatmostpadanus

provesarecutfromtheleftsideoftheleaf,mthinks

thisreflectsthefactthattheleftsideofthecrow’sbrainisspecializedtohandlethe

quentialprocessingrequiredtomakecomplextools.

Underwhatconditionsmightthixtraordinarytalenthaveemergedinthetwospecies?

Theyarebothsocialcreatures,actorswere

probablyimportantbut,ironically,itmayhavebeentheirshortcomingsthattriggeredthe

heancestorsofcrowsandhumansfoundthemlvesina

positionofwheretheycouldn’tmakethephysicaladaptationsrequiredforsurvival–sothey

gewasthentfortheevolutionofthorare

edoniancrowsmaytelluswhat

thocrucialskillsare.

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Questions14-17

Labelthediagramsbelow.

ChooNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.

THREETOOLSMADEBYCROWS

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Questions18-23

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?

Inboxes18-23onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementsagreewiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementscontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

18thereappearstobeafixedpatterforthepadanusprobe’sconstruction.

19thereisplentyofevidencetoindicatehowthecrowsmanufacturethepadanusprove

20crowsemtopracticeanumberoftimesbeforemakingausablepadanusprobe

21therearcherssuspectthecrowshaveamentalimagesofthepadanusprobebefore

theycreateit.

22rearchintohowthepadanusprobeismadeashelpedtoexplainthetoolmaking

skillsofmanyotherbirdspecies.

23therearchersbelievetheabilitytomakethepadanusprobeispasddowntothe

crowsintheirgenes

Questions24-26

ChooTHREEletters,A-G

Writethecorrectlettersinboxes24-26onyouanswersheet.

Accordingtotheinformationinthepassage,whichTHREEofthefollowingfeaturesare

probablycommontobothNewCaledoniancrowsandhumanbeings?

Akeepingthesamemateforlife

Bhavingfewnaturalpredators

Chavingabiastotherightwhenworking

Dbeingabletoprocessquentialtasks

Elivinginextendedfamilygroups

Featingavarietyoffoodstuffs

Gbeingabletodiverhabitats

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READINGPASSAGE3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebadonReadingPassage3

onpages10and11.

Howdidwritingbegin?

Manytheories,fewanswers

TheSumerians,anancientpeopleoftheMiddleEast,hadastoryexplainingtheinventionof

samesngerofthekingofUrukarrivedatthecourt

oingt

ingstory,whoretellingata

iledatthe

sodoubted

gmorelikelybeganasa

parate,symbolicsystemofcommunicationandonlylatermergerwithspokenlanguage.

YetinthestorytheSumerians,wholivedinMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq,

emedtounderstandwriting’llyPittman,directorofthe

University’sCenterforAncientStudies,obrved,writing‘arooutoftheneedtostoreand

transmitinformation…overtimeandspace’.

Inexchanginginterpretationsandinformation,thescholarsacknowledgedthattheystillhad

no

favouratedanexplanationofwriting’soriginsinthevisualarts,picturesbecomingincreasingly

iewsclashedwithawidelyheld

theoryamongarchaeologistswritingdevelopedfromthepiecesofclaythatSumerian

accountantsudastokenstokeeptrackofgoods.

Archaeologistsgenerallyconcedethattheyhavenodefinitiveanswertothequestionof

whetherwritingwasinventedonlyonce,oraroindependentlyinveralplaces,suchas

Egypt,theIndusValley,China,ponderanceof

archaeologicaldatashowsthattheurbanizingSumerianswerethefirsttodevelopwriting,in

rethedatesformanyclaytabletsinanearlyformofcuneiform,a

scriptwrittenbypressingtheendofasharpenedstickintowetclay,foundatthesiteofthe

edclaytabletsboresuchimagesaspictorialsymbolsofthenames

ofpeople,erianscript

graduallyevolvedfromthepictorialtotheabstract,butdidnotatfirstreprentrecorded

spokenlanguage.

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DrPeterDamerow,aspecialistinSumeriancuneiformattheMacPlanckInstituteforthe

HistoryofScienceinBerlin,said,“Itislikelythatthereweremutualinfluencesofwriting

r,theirgreatvarietynowshowsthatthedevelopmentof

writing,onceinitiated,attainsaconsiderabledegreeofindependenceandflexibilitytoadapt

tospecificcharacteristicsofthesoundsofthelanguagetobereprentationofwordsby

diesofearlySumerianwriting,hesaid,

structuresofthiarliestwritingdidnot,forexample,matchthestructureofspokenlanguage,

dealingmainlyinlistsandcategoriesratherthaninntencesandnarrative.

Foratleasttwodecades,DrDeniSchmandt-Besrat,aUniversityofTexasarchaeologist,has

arguedthatthefirstwritinggrewdirectlyoutofasystempracticedbySumerianaccountants.

Theyudclaytokens,eachoneshapedtoreprentajarofoil,acontainerofgrainofa

okenswerealedinsideclayspheres,andthenthen

numberandtypeoftokensinsidewasrecordedontheoutsideusingimpressionsrembling

ally,thetokenimpressionswerereplacedwithinscribedsigns,andwriting

hadbeeninvented.

ThoughDrSchmandt-Besrathaswonmuchsupport,somelinguistsquestionherthesis,and

others,likeDrPittman,phasithatpictorialreprentationand

writingevolvedtogether.‘There’snoquestionthatthetokensystemisaforerunnerofwriting,’

DrPittmansaid,‘butIhaveanargumentwithherevidenceforalinkbetweentokensandsigns,

andshedoesn’topenuptheprocesstoincludepicturemaking.’

DrSchmandt-Besratvigorouslydefendedherideas.‘Mycolleaguessaythatpictureswere

thebeginningofwriting,’shesaid,‘butshowmeasinglepicturethatbecomesasigninwriting.

Theysaythatdesignsonpotterywerethebeginningofwriting,butshowmeasinglesignof

writingyoucantracebacktoapot-itdoesn’texist.’Initsfirst500years,sheasrted,

cuneiformwritingwasudalmostsolelyforrecordingeconomicinformation,andafterthat

itsusmultipliedandbroadened.

orMichalowski,ProfessorofNearEast

CivilizationsattheUniversityofMichigan,saidthattheproto-writingofSumerianUrukwas‘so

radicallydifferentastobeacompletebreakwiththepast’.Itnodoubtrved,hesaid,tostore

andcommunicateinformation,holars

t,mostearly

ca,saidDrPascalVernusfroma

universityinParis,sthattheonly

certaintyinthisfieldisthatmanyquestionsremaintobeanswered.

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Questions27-30

Choothecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.

27TherearchersatthesymposiumregardedthestoryoftheKingofUrukasridiculous

becau

Awritingprobablydevelopedindependentlyofspeech.

Bclaytabletshadnotbeeninventedatthattime.

Cthedistantrulerwouldhavespokenanotherlanguage.

Devidenceofwritinghasbeendiscoveredfromanearlierperiod.

28Accordingtothewriter,thestoryoftheKingofUruk

Aisaprobableexplanationoftheoriginsofwriting.

Bprovesthatearlywritinghadadifferentfunctiontowritingtoday.

Cprovidesanexampleofsymbolicwriting.

DshowssomeawarenessamongstSumeriansofthepurpoofwriting.

29Therewasdisagreementamongtherearchersatthesymposiumabout

Atheareawherewritingbegan.

Bthenatureofearlywritingmaterials.

Cthewaywritingbegan.

Dthemeaningofcertainabstractimages.

30Theopponentsofthetheorythatwritingdevelopedfromtokensbelievethatit

Agrewoutofaccountancy.

Bevolvedfrompictures.

Cwasinitiallyintendedasdecoration.

Dwasunlikelytohavebeenconnectedwithcommerce.

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Questions31-36

Lookatthefollowingstatements(questions31-36)andthelistofpeoplebelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A-E

Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes31-36onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuanylettermorethanonce.

31Thereisnoproofthatearlywritingisconnectedtodecoratedhouholdobjects.

32Aswritingdeveloped,itcametoreprentspeech.

33Sumerianwritingdevelopedintoameansofpoliticalcontrol

34Earlywritingdidnotreprentthegrammaticalfeaturesofspeech.

35Thereisnoconvincingproofthattokensandsignsareconnected.

36Theusofcuneiformwritingwerenarrowatfirst,andlaterwidened.

Listofpeople

ADrHollyPittman

BDrPeterDamerow

CDrDeniSchmandt-Besrat

DDrPitorMichalowski

EDrPascalVernus

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Questions37-40

Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-N,below.

Writethecorrectletter,A-N,inboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.

Theearliestformofwriting

Mostarchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthepeopleof37inventedwritingin

criptwaswrittenon38andwascalled

criptoriginallyshowedimagesrelatedtopoliticalpowerandbusiness,

andlaterdevelopedtobecomemore40.

AcuneiformBpictorialCtombwalls

DurbanElegibleFstoneblocks

GsimpleHMesopotamiaIabstract

JpapyrussheetsKdecorativeLclaytablets

MEgyptNUruk