英語詩歌的節奏

第二節 英語詩歌的節奏之楊若古蘭創作

英詩的節奏來自于詩的格律和音步，而音步是格律的基本

單位.音步是必定數目的重讀音節和非重讀音節按照必定的規則

排列而成.音步的排列方式則構成英詩的格律.按照每一音步中重

讀音節（揚）和非重讀音節（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分

成分歧的品種，及格律.

罕見的英語詩歌格律有以下四種.

（1）頓挫格：音步由一個非重讀音節加上一個重讀音節構

成.

（2）揚抑格：音步由一個重讀音節加上一個非重讀音節構

成.

（3）揚抑抑格：音步由一個重讀音節加上兩個非重讀音節

構成.

（4）抑頓挫格：音步由兩個非重讀音節加上一個重讀音節

構成.

（1）

頓挫格iambus ,the iambus foot

She walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the night Of

cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the

less, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Which waves in every raven

tress, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts renely sweet

express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek,

and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win,

the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace

with all below, A heart who love is innocent!

（2）

揚抑格 trochee, the trochaic foot

Men of England, wherefore plough

For the lords who lay yelow

Never ek to tell thy love,

Love that never told can be.

（3）揚抑抑格

Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind

themVolley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,While

hor and hero fell,They that had fought so wellCame thro' the jaws of

DeathBack from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,Left of

six hundred.

(4) 抑頓挫格

Annabel lee

頓挫格一音步

Thus I

Pass by

And die

As one

Unknown

And gone----

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream!

For the soul is dead that slumbers,

And things are not what they em.

Life is real! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal;

Dust thou art, to dust returnest,

Was not spoken of the soul.

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined end or way;

But to act, that each to-morrow

Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating

Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world's broad field of battle,

In the bivouac of Life,

Be not like dumb, driven cattle!

Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!

Let the dead Past bury its dead!

Act,--act in the living Prent!

Heart within, and God o'erhead!

Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,

Sailing o'er life's solemn main,

A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate;

Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labor and to wait.

----H.W. Longfellow

揚抑格四音步

The trumpet of a prophecy! O wind,

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

第三節 英詩的音韻_

英詩的音樂性還表示在音韻上.音韻是通過反復使用不異或

附近的音素而發生，是構成詩歌音樂美和藝術情趣的主要元素.

英詩中罕見的音韻方式可以分為兩大類：行中韻（internal

rhyme）和尾韻 (end rhyme)

1行中韻是指詩行內通過反復使用不異或附近似的音素而發

生，具體表示為以下幾種方式.

（1）

頭韻 alliteration

頭韻是指一行詩或一個句子中，較為臨近的兩個或兩個以

上的詞起首輔音不異而發生的音韻.

Look at the stars! Look, look up at the skies!

O look at all the fire-folk sitting in the air!

The bright boroughs, the circle-citadels there!

—G. M. Hopkins, “The Starlight NIght”

-------------------------------------------------------------------

I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,

Among my skinning swallows.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,

He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast,

暗頭韻 internal or hidden alliteration

Here in the long unlovely street

---------------------------------------------------------------------

The Scian and the Teian mu,

The hero’s harp, the lover’s lute,

Have found the fame your shores refu.

頭韻與雙聲

（2）

腹韻 （assonance）

腹韻也稱原音迭韻或半諧音.

From the cradle to the grave

Do not go gentle into that good night

Old age should burn and rave at clo of day.

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Though wi men at their end know dark is right,

Becau their words have forked no lightning they

Do not go gentle into that good night.

(3)假韻（consonance）

Dash-fish hand-nd add-read

______________________________________________

At once a voice aro among

The bleak twigs overhead

In a full hearted evensong

Of joy illimited.

(4)倒尾韻（Rever Rhyme）

great-grazed student-studio ll-nd

soul-sold well-weld painting-patience

A boy’s will is the wind’s will

And the thoughts of youth are long long thoughts.

(5)類尾韻（pararhyme）

sit-sat nd-sold great-groat

spit-spat sweet-sweat

Your looks were like the raven,

Your bonie brow was brent.

2 尾韻（end rhyme）

尾韻又稱腳韻，是指詩行與詩行之間外行末的壓韻.尾韻常分為

“完整韻”（perfect rhyme）和“不完整韻”( imperfect rhyme)兩

種.

（1）

完整韻

普通來說，兩個或兩個以上的詞在以下情況下才干被認為是押

完整韻：

1)

2)

重讀元音必須不異；

該元音后面的音素（輔音、輔音群，甚至輕讀音節）必須完

整不異；

3)

該元音前面的輔音必須是分歧的音素.

eg lie-high stay-play park-lark fate-late first-burst

follow-swallow

heat-deceit rotten-forgotten win-begin sober-October

(2)不完整韻

不完整韻也稱半韻（half rhyme）: 兩個或兩個以上的詞的重讀元

音不異，但元音前面和后面的輔音卻不不異.這類不完整韻在某

種情況下是一種腹韻在詩行末尾的體現，如fern-bird, faze-late,

like-right

假韻

A quietness distilled,

As twilight long begun,

Or Nature, spending with herlf

Sequestered afternoon.

類尾韻-腳韻

Strange Meeting

It emed that out of battle I escapedDown some profound dull tunnel,

long since scoopedThrough granites which titanic wars had

also there encumbered sleepers groaned,Too fast in

thought or death to be , as I probed them, one sprang

up, and staredWith piteous recognition in fixed eyes,Lifting distressful

hands as if to by his smile, I knew that sullen hallBy his dead

smile I knew we stood in Hell.

（3）陽韻（masculine rhyme）與陰韻( feminine rhyme)

從壓韻的詩行是以重讀音節還是非重讀音節結尾，英詩的尾韻

還可以分為陽韻和陰韻兩類.

陽韻指互相壓韻的詩行都是以重讀音節的詞或是單音節單詞結

尾，如蘭斯頓·休斯的《但愿》（Hope）

Sometimes when I am lonely,

Don’t know why,

Keep thinking I won’t be lonely

By and by.

當壓韻的詩行是以非重讀音節結尾時，即為陰韻，

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to

outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce emed a vision; I would ne'er have

striven

3. 韻式

（1）連續韻，聯韻或流韻，相鄰的兩行彼此壓韻的格式

Tiger

(2)交叉韻，隔行壓韻

WITH rue my heart is laden

For golden friends I had,

For many a ro-lipt maiden

And many a lightfoot lad.

By brooks too broad for leaping 5

The lightfoot boys are laid;

The ro-lipt girls are sleeping

In fields where ros fade.

（3）首尾韻

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When You Are Old

by William Butler Yeats

When you are old and grey and full of sleepAnd nodding by

the fire，take down this bookAnd slowly read，and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had

once， and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace，And

loved your beauty with love fal or true，But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you，

And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing

bars，Murmur，a little sadly，how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd

hid his face amid a crowd of stars.當你老了葉芝當你老了，頭白了，睡意昏沉壁爐旁打

盹，請取下這本書慢慢讀回想你曾有的溫順而深邃的眼神多少人愛你風華正茂時假意，或

者真心但只要一個人愛著你純潔的靈魂愛你衰老了的臉上痛苦的皺紋跪在熊熊爐火旁哀聲

低語訴說愛的逝去而愛已飛越山巔在群星中消失了臉龐這首詩，葉芝寫給他平生傾慕而沒

有得到的女人，愛爾蘭民族自治活動的領導人之一、聞名的女演員茉德·岡.對我來說它的

動人只是那兩行“但只要一個人愛著你純潔的靈魂/愛你衰老了的臉上痛苦的皺紋”.不由又想

起了《情人》的開頭，那段被王小波盛贊的譯文：我曾經老了.有一天，在一處公共場合的

大廳里，有一個男人向我走來，他自動介紹本人，他對我說：“我認識你，我永久記得你.

那時候，你還很年輕，人人都說你美，此刻，我是特為來告訴你，對我來說，我覺得此刻

你近年輕的時候更美，那時你是年輕女人，與你那時的面貌比擬，我更愛你此刻備受摧殘

的面容.”戀愛這類東西，即使它倏忽而至也經常倏忽而去，我們還是會沉迷于把它和某個

悠久的時間維度相連接.是為了證實它真實還是忠誠？風華退去后，沉淀下的才是最形而上

的情感吧？回到理想中，我們卻倉促膽怯浮躁.一個姐姐的MSN名字是：“只是顆偶落的種

子，為何非要天天從土里掘出來看著它成長呢？”然而成長太漫長了，過程太漫長了，我們

要的只是結果.瑞士蒙特洛城堡地牢中的燈，它幽眇的光不斷讓我感動.據說拜倫曾被囚禁

于此.綁縛外行刑柱上的詩人，曾抬頭仰視過它.

——————————這一路上的黑暗那么長微弱的光怎樣把你照亮