名師指導：英語閱讀理解差怎么辦

名師指導：英語閱讀理解差怎么辦

名師指導：英語閱讀理解差怎么辦 高考英語

閱讀理解題不僅占分高，而且也是很多同學丟分的重災區。怎樣才能

克服英語閱讀理解這個弱項呢？新東方網高考頻道偏科欄目邀請高考

一線名師從閱讀理解常考的幾類提醒出發，為大家解答英語閱讀理解

攻關方法。

很多學生對英語閱讀很頭痛，總認為自己有閱讀障礙癥，說閱讀

的文章貌似看懂了，但做題目卻做不對；還有些學生說文章很凌亂，

生詞多，不知道作者在說什么，一頭霧水。這些學生可能其他方面很

優秀，比如說語法很精通，筆頭翻譯也比較干凈等，但閱讀成了他們

心中的痛。

我在學生時代也有這樣的困惑，即便到了大學，表達很流利，但

閱讀仍然是我的弱項。每每上泛讀課時，老師發給我的閱讀試卷我的

正確率只有75%左右。作了老師之后，因為要幫助學生分析閱讀，所

以我在閱讀上會花很多時間。一篇文章要看至少三四遍，才敢自信地

走上講臺跟學生娓娓道來文章的主旨、結構、寫作目的以及核心細節。

慢慢地，我的閱讀障礙消除了，做閱讀的速度加快了，對于選擇的正

確性有了自信。所以，我覺得，做老師的不必過分苛責學生閱讀能力

差，閱讀的提高需要時間。學生和老師不同，不可能花那么多時間研

究英語閱讀。

不過，今天我還是要作為一個克服障礙的learner在這里，跟大家

交流一點點小的心得和學習方法。

首先，要養成理清文章脈絡的習慣。在閱讀時，要用比劃出每一

段當中的主題句、（一般出現在段首或段尾）核心句（比如轉折部分

的句子，過渡句）和出現頻率較高的詞。這些字句連在一起可能會幫

你對文章的理解有個整體的把握。其次，要注意標點符號如破折號、

冒號的用法，往往他們是對核心概念的界定和解釋說明。第三，先看

問題可能會幫助你理解文章，讓你了解這篇文章到底要你掌握哪些核

心內容。

1．事實細節題的設問特點

（1）常以 when，where，what，which，who，how

much/many 等詞提問。

（2）以是非 true/fal，not true/fal 等詞提問。

2．正確選項的特點

正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。常用方法就是同義詞

替換或釋義，即把文中語言（詞匯和結構）改頭換面，來表達相同的

意思。

[例] "Poor but honest.” "The derving （ 值得幫助的） poor.”

The words always come to my mind when I think of "the poor.”

But I also think of people who， perhaps through alcohol （酒）

or drugs， have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives

of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps

alcoholism and drug addiction （上癮） really are "dias，”

as many people say， but my own feeling-bad， of cour，

not on any rious study-is that most alcoholics and drug addicts

belong to the "underving poor.” And that is largely why I

don’t give spare change to beggars.

64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs？

A. They should be given a check-up.

B. They really need money to live.

C. They have no pleasure in life.

D. They are not worth helping.

此題答案是D.命題人在這里用 They are not worth helping 來替

換了文中的 underving poor，表達了相同的意思。

3．干擾選項的特點

（1）無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細節，以迷惑和干擾答題。

[例] Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school and

working in Denver，I was driving to my parents’ home in

Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station（加油站）about

50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was planning to stop and

visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（收

款臺）I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for

gas. I took off，but had gone only a few miles when black smoke

poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I

should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had

spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my

friend’s. We chatted on the way into the city，and when I got

out of the car，the husband gave me his business card.

62. What happened when the author found smoke coming

out of his car？

A. He had it pulled back to the gas station.

B. The couple nt him a business card.

C. The couple offered to help him.

D. He called his friend for help.

根據文中意思，此題答案是C.選項A、D都是憑空捏造原文不存

在的細節，作為干擾項，雖然有B這一細節，但是這一動作發生的時

間與題干不符，動詞nt 用得也不對。

（2）常識干擾：干擾項是一些基本常識和我們對社會、生活等方

面一些問題的一般看法和認識，雖然符合客觀現實，但并非文章所提

及的。

[例] Budgets are not complex， but sticking to them can be

tough. When planning your budget be realistic about your

expens. If you know that you drop $18 at a movie， don’t

write $12 in that space simply becau you wish you were

spending less. If you are eyeing a big purcha， such as a $150

skateboard， spend less and save more until you have the total

amount. No matter how attractive it may be， avoid spending

your savings. One day， you will thank yourlf！

58. what should people do when planning a budget？

A. fill in the expens as they really are.

B. avoid spending money on expensive things.

C. t aside a fixed amount of money as savings.

D. list income and expens on two pieces of paper.

根據文中意思，此題答案是A.但是選項B、C都看似符合常識—

—要做好花銷預算，盡量避免買太貴的東西；每月固定留出一筆錢存

上。這些選項的說法符合我們的一般認識。如果考生此時粗心，就容

易使得干擾項想入為主，而忽略了要從原文驗證，從而導致了錯誤的

判斷。

（3）偷梁換柱：這是細節題干擾項最常見的方法。干擾項利用了

原文的一部分結構和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個別詞，造成了語義的

變化。

[例]Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston， Massachutts， U.

S. Last Thursday， she didn‘t go to school. She went to work

with her father instead. Every year，on the fourth Thursday in

April， millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our

Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and

15. They spend the day at work with an adult， usually a mother，

father， aunt， or uncle. They go to offices， police stations，

laboratories， and other places where their parents or other

family members work. Next year， the day will include sons，

too.

66. According to the passage， Take our Daughters to work

Day is ______.

A. on every Thursday in April

B. a holiday for girls of all ages

C. a day for girls to know about jobs

D. a day for girls to get a job easily

此題答案為C.但考生極容易錯選A，原因是考生沒有看到該選項

已經把the fourth Thursday in April換成了every Thursday in April.

因此，要特別留意選項各個句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致，包

括地點、時間、方式、程度、性質等。

4．解題思路

（1）返回原文，每一個選項都應力爭返回原文，不能通過印象進

行判斷。

首先要找出文中哪一部分與其相關，同時要在文中找出一個詞、

一個句子、甚至是一組句子來直接或間接證實自己的選擇。切不可用

于文章無關的細節來作為證據。

（2）對于比較直接的細節題，有時不必通篇細看原文，只需采取

“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關鍵性詞語，然后以此

為線索，要快速地辨認和記憶事實或細節。

特別提示 ： 細節題中，選項在意思上與原文相同的，才是正確的，

而不一定是與原文一字不差的。主旨題一般包括：基本論點、標題、

主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概

括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對文章進行高度的概括或

總結。

1．主旨題的設問特點

標志：常以“mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等詞

提問。

2．正確選項的特點

正確選項概括歸納的范圍大小恰到好處，選項表達的尺度恰當。

3．干擾項的特點

（1）以偏概全：答案只闡述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，

概括不夠。

[例] A study of English learning problems was carried out

among a total of 106 foreign students．It shows that most

students considered understanding spoken English to be their

biggest problem on arrival．This was followed by

speaking．Writing incread as a problem as students

discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now

expected to hand in．Reading remained as a significant（顯著的）

problem. The information gained helped us in determining where

special attention should be paid in our cour．Although many

students have chon to join the cour with a reasonable

motivation（動機），we considered it important to note what

emed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have

experienced some kind of grammar-bad English teaching in

their own country. To u the same method would be lf-

defeating becau it might reduce motivation，especially if it has

failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help becau

it is different. Variety of activity was also en as a way of

maintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago

we had one timetable that operated throughout，but we soon

found that both thestudents and the teachers lost interest by

about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-

think，so finally we brought into line with the expresd

language needs of the students.

65．What is the text mainly about？

A．Foreign students have more problems.

B．There are many ways to improve English.

C．Teaching should meet students’ needs．

D．English learning problems should be studied again．

A屬于表達意思完全不對，B、D都只是涉及了一個方面的問題，

以偏概全，C才是作者要表達的意思。

（2）主題擴大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章討論的東西。

（3）斷章取義，概括錯誤：常以次要的事實、細節冒充全文主要

觀點。

[例]

The Marches were a happy family. Poverty， hard work， and

even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies

could not down the spirits of Meg， Jo， Amy， and Marmee，

as the March girls called their mother. The March sisters tried to

be good but had their share of faults. Pretty Meg was often

displead with the schoolchildren she taught； boyish Jo was

easy to become angry； goldenhaired schoolgirl Amy liked to

show up； but Beth， who kept the hou， was loving and

gentle always. The happy days pasd and darkness came when

a telegram arrived for Mrs. March. "Your husband is very ill，” it

said， "come at once.” The girl tried to be brave when their

mother left for the front. They waited and prayed. Little Beth got

scarlet fever （熱） when she was taking care of the sick neighbor.

She became very ill but began to recover by the time Marmee

was back. When Father came home from the front and at that

joyful Christmas dinner they were once more all together. Three

years later the March girls had grown into young womanhood.

Meg became Mrs. Brooke， and after a few family troubles got

ud to her new state happily. Jo had found pleasure in her

literary efforts. Amy had grown into a young lady with a talent

for design and an even greater one for society. But Beth had

never fully regained her health，and her family watched her with

love and anxiety. Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a

relative of the Marches. Jo went to New York and became

successful in her writing and had the satisfaction of eing her

work published there. But at home the bitterest blow was yet to

fall. Beth had known for some time that she couldnt live much

longer to be with the family and in the spring time she died. News

came from Europe that Amy and Laurie， the grandson of a

wealthy neighbor， had planned to be married soon. Now Jo

became ever more successful in her writing and got married to

Professor Bhaer and soon afterwards founded a school for boys.

And so the little women had grown up and lived happily with

their children， enjoying the harvest of love and goodness that

they had devoted all their lives to.

58. Which of the following would be the best title for the

passage？

A. The march Family B. The March Parents

C. The March Girls D. The March Relatives

本文講述了March家中4個女兒的成長歷程。這是一個有痛苦也

有快樂的一家人，大女兒Meg成了一個教師，Jo對寫作感興趣，Amy

對設計感興趣，Beth最終帶著全家人的祝福離開人世。其中的A項顯

然將主題的范圍擴大了，將一個家庭包括父母和女兒都涵蓋進去了。

而選項B則偏離了主題，要以部分代替整體。對于選項D，文中只提

到一句. . . Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a relative

of the Marches’ . . .，那么D項就是與主題沒有關系的錯誤概括，顯

然是不對的。

4. 解題思路

（1）尋找主題句，確定文章主題。

文章的主題句常常出現在首段，文中，文尾。因此同學們要多加

注意，對于中心貫穿于全文的，需進行總結

（2）注意首段和各段第一句話，將其含義連接成一個整體。

[例]While parents， particularly mothers， have always been

attached to their infants （嬰兒）， societal conditions frequently

made this attachment difficult to maintain （保持）. First of all，

the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that

such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to

prevent the sadness that infant death caud， a number of

societal practices developed which worked against infant death

caud， a number of societal practices developed which worked

against early attachment of motherand child. One of the

premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave

infants unnamed until they had survived into the cond year.

Another practice that discouraged maternal （母親的）

attachment was tightly wrapping （包裹） infants. Wrapping

effectively prevented the clo physical interactions like stroking

（撫摸） and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers

and fathers affection for their infants. A third practice which had

the same distancing effect was wet nursing. Breast-feeding （母

乳養育） was not popular among the well-to-do in the early

modern times: Infants were often fed by wet nurs hired for the

purpo. In some places， such as nineteenth-century France，

city infants were nt to wet nurs in the country. Often a wet

nur would feed her own child first， leaving little milk for the

city infant——who in many cas， died. In Rouen， the death

rate for children nt to a wet nur was 35 percent.

71. Which is the best title for the passage？

A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

C. Poor Health rvice and High Infant Death Rate

D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents

第一段：. . . a number of societal practices developed which

worked against early attachment of mother and child.

第二段：. . . One of the pre-modern attachment-

discouraging practices was to. . .

第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing

effect was wet-nursing. . .

通過這樣的串聯，我們就知道了第71題的答案：應為 B.

Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

（3）注意逆向思維法，即快速作文法。對幾個選項可以自己思考

一下——如果是我寫這個題目，我會怎么寫？

[例] 同上文

73． Which is the best title for the passage？

A. Societal Conditions in Pemodern Times

B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents

此題正確答案B:幾種減弱母親和孩子之間依戀關系的做法。但如

果我們按照A、C、D項來寫文章，則要分別寫社會狀況、很差的衛生

服務和較高的嬰兒死亡率、還有現代與從前的父母的不同等方面，那

就不會出現D篇這樣的文章。

特別提示 不管主題句出現在文章的什么位置，我們都要把這類題

作為該篇文章的最后一道題去做，因為做完其他題以后會對文章的主

旨理解有幫助。

這類題主要考查學生根據文章的字面意思 ，通過語篇邏輯關系，

研究細節的暗示，推敲作者的態度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題

屬于主觀性較強的高層閱讀理解

題。 1．推理引申

題的設問特點

（1）常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，

mean，describe，purpo等詞提問。

（2）提問中含有表示推測的情態動詞，如can，could，might，

would等和其他表示可能性的動詞，如probably，most，likely等。

2．正確選項的特點

不是文中直接或明確說明的內容，是間接表達出來的，除符合文

章主旨外，還符合邏輯，讓考生有推敲的余地。另外，正確選項大多

含義深刻，不是常識選項。

3．干擾項的特點

（1）夸大事實：對于原文中的細節或論斷的某方面程度進行了夸

大處理。

（2）無中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作為依據進行

推理。

（3）摻入常識：考生已有的常識是正確的，但不是基于文章。

（4）推理過頭：引申過度，使結論過于絕對化。

[例] If you are lost in the mountains， stay calm in the face

of darkness， loneliness， and the unknown. It will greatly

increa your chances of survival（生存）. Many people think

that preparing necessary equipment and knowing how to u it

are very important， but actually eighty percent of mountain

survival is your reaction to fear.

68．What can we infer from the passage？

A．Don’t travel by yourlf. B．Mountain traveling is

dangerous.

C．Don’t get frightened in danger. D．Avoid going to

unfamiliar place.

本篇短文主要向讀者介紹了山地旅行遇險時應采取的應對措施，

在文章的第一自然段作者一上來就明確提出：“If you are lost in the

mountain， stay calm in the face of darkness，loneliness， and

the unknown. It will greatly increa your chances of survival.”

（一旦你在山地旅行時遇險，面對黑暗、孤獨和周圍未知的環境時，

一定要保持冷靜，這將大大增加你的生存機會。）在第一段最后作者

還指出“actually eighty percent of mountain survival is your

reaction to fear. . .”（實際上山地遇險時百分之八十的存貨幾率取決

于你面對恐懼時的發應）。根據以上各個線索，應該推斷出C為正確

選項。而A、D看似常識（不要單獨出游；盡量少去陌生的地方），其

實則是無中生有捏造出來原文根本沒有提到的信息。對于B這個斷言

有些推導過度，難道山地旅行就都是危險的嗎？其實文章要表達的是

在山地旅行遇險時要保持鎮靜，而且沒有側重山地旅行是多么危險。

4．解題思路

（1）抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理：做此類試題要善于抓住

某一段話中的關鍵信息，即某些關鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷，

利用逆向思維或正面推理。

[例] Most people think of racing when they e greyhounds

（灰狗）and believe they need lots of exerci. They can actually

be quite lazy！ Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-

distance running. They do need regular exerci but they like to

run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a

comfortable at. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds

must be aggressive（好斗的）becau they are big in size. In fact

greyhounds love people and are gentle with children.

Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only race for

two or three years，and after that they make great pets. They

don’t need a lot of space，don’t make a lot of noi，and

don’t eat a lot for their size. Normally，greyhounds can be as

tall as 90 cm. There is，however，a small-sized greyhound，

which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors.

Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include

black，white，blue，red and brown or a mix of the.

Greyhounds have smooth body coats，low body fat and are very

healthy. Becau they’re slim（苗條的）they don’t have the leg

problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the

cold，especially since they would much rather be at home in bed

than walking around outside.

69. If you keep a pet greyhound，it is important＿.

A. to keep it slim B. to keep it warm

C. to take special care of its leg D. to take it to animal doctors

regularly

文中曾提到：But they do feel the cold， especially since they

would much rather be at home in bed than walking around

outside. 從中可知他們怕冷，因此逆向推理，要注意使他們保暖。

（2）整合全文（段）信息進行推斷：做推理題時，有時需要在弄

懂全文意思的基礎上，整合與題目相關的有用信息，綜合起來去推理

判斷，確定最佳結論。

特別提示 推斷一定要以文章所提供的事實為依據，不能憑空想象，

這樣才能做出合理和正確的推斷。

這是一種從閱讀材料中挑出單詞或短語，并重新解釋的題型。這

類詞語一般具有以下特點：與文章主旨密切相關；語言文字或語法結

構上有一定難度，不易理解；在特定上下文中有特殊含義。

1．詞義/句義猜測題的設問特點

標志：在題干中明確指出原文中某處的單詞或詞組，要求辨別其

意思，關鍵詞是：

The word ". . .refers to __________.

2．正確選項的特點

（1）對于超綱詞匯的正確解釋，如果將它帶回原文，則符合邏輯，

使文章通順易懂；

（2）對于未超綱的詞或短語的正確解釋，往往熟詞新義，是根據

上下文推測的一個特定場合的含義，對于這個例子我們可以結合下面

的干擾項的特點一起來講。

3．干擾項的特點

（1）字面意思：對于熟悉的詞，干擾項會列出它的字面意思或常

規含義。

（2）無關意思：除了字面意思，命題人還常用憑空杜撰出來的其

他意思來干擾考生，但只要將此意思帶入原文，不符合邏輯的就能夠

排除。

[例] Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and

ends it in stillness. In between he does all he can to make a noi

in the world， and he fears silence more than anything el. Even

his conversation is an attempt to prevent a fearful silence. If he is

introduced to another person， and a number of paus occur in

the conversation， he regards himlf as a failure， a worthless

person， and is full of envy of the emptiest headed chatterbox

（喋喋不休人）. He knows that ninety-nine percent of human

conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly， but he

is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and

not a waxwork figure（蠟塑人像）。

73. By "the buzzing of a fly”（Para.1）， the author means

" ”.

A. the noi of an inct B. a low whispering sound

C. meaningless talks D. the voice of a chatterbox

此段解釋了人為什么老愛與他人交談。這是因為人比其他任何東

西都害怕silence.另外再結合文章的結尾：At the end of an evening

during which they have said nothing meaningful for a long time，

they just prove themlves to be successful conrvationists.判斷

出此題正確答案是C.干擾項A列出了字面意思“一種昆蟲的嗡嗡聲”，

顯然不對；B項表示“一種低語的聲音”也不符合邏輯（難道說話就得

低語嗎？）；而D項表示喋喋不休的人的噪音，所以也不如C項（毫

無意義的交談）更符合上下文的意思。