定語從句的用法講解
定語從句是高中英語的重要語法項目之一,它的結構和用法比較復雜。我們應從哪些方面有效地復習定語從句呢?下面就是我給大家帶來的定語從句的用法講解,希望大家喜歡!
[定語從句的種類]
定語從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是 句子 不可缺少的部分,如去掉主句意思就不完整或失去意義;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉也不會影響主句的意思。它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,一般不用that引導,關系詞不可省略。如:
This is the book that I want to read. (限制性)
Tom’s father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. (非限制性)
非限制性定語從句的先行詞成分可以是整個主句,非限制性定語從句常用which引導,修飾整個句子。定語從句的謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。例如:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所指代的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
在定語從句中,who和that既可作主語又可作賓語,whom只可作賓語(作賓語時可以省略)。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to e you? (who/that在從句中作主語)
The man (whom/who/that) you spoke to just now is our English teacher. (whom/who/that在從句中作賓語,可省略)
[who]
在定語從句中作定語,可用來指人或物,表示物時相當于“the+名詞+of+which”或“of+which+the+名詞”。如:John, who wife is ill, can’t come to the party.
[which & that]
which和that指代的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞,在定語從句中可作主語、賓語等。如:
Plea show me the radio that/which you have just bought. (that/which在從句中作賓語,可省略)
This is the film that/which created a great nsation. (that/which在從句中作主語)
只能用that而不能用which的情況:
1. 先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。如:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever ud.
2. 先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾時。如:The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
3. 當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing, something, few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時,或是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。如:Tom told his father all that had happened.
There is little that I can do for you.
4. 先行詞既有人又有物時。如:They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.
5. 先行詞被the only,the very,the right等修飾時。如:This is the very book that I want to have.
6. 在which,who,whom引起的問句中,為避免重復。如:Who is the girl that talked to you yesterday?
7. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。如:China is not the country that it was.
只能用which,不能用that的情況:
1. 在非限制性定語從句中。如:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long histroy.
2. 在介詞后面,即“介詞+which(指物)”。如:This is the hou in which we lived three years ago.
[as]
關系代詞as代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞, 在從句中作主語、賓語和表語。
as引導限制性定語從句時,常和such, the same, as(so)連用, 構成such ... as, the same ... as, as/so ... as等結構,在從句中可作主語、賓語和表語。如:
Don’t trust such men as prai you to your face. (在定語從句中作主語)
I have the same trouble as you have. (在定語從句作賓語)
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever en. (在定語從句作賓語)
但是當先行詞被the same修飾時,that也可以引導定語從句,但意義有所不同。the same ... as(指同樣或同類的), the same ... that(指同一個)。例如:
This is the same watch as I lost.
This is the same watch that I lost.
as也可單獨使用,引導非限制性定語從句,修飾整個主句或主句中的一部分,放在句首、句中或句末。如:
As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (指代整個主句,在從句中做主語)
He is late, as is often the ca. (指代整個主句,在從句中做主語)
Light, as everybody knows, travels much faster than sound. (指代整個主句,在從句中做賓語)
as和which作關系代詞的用法比較:
which引導的非限定性定語從句只能放在主句之后,which指代前面的一個句子或主句中的某一成分;as引導的非限定性定語從句能放在主句之前、中、后,既可指前面已經提到的情況,也可指后面提到的情況。
as引導從句時,有“為人所熟知”的含義,which則沒有這層意思。as引導的從句往往表示的是一種附加說明,which引導的從句一般是較為重要的陳述。如:
His mother is ill, which makes him very sad.
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
[關系副詞引導的定語從句]
關系副詞when, where, why可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語, 相當于“介詞+which”結構。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when/during which we worked in the factory.
This is the village where /in which he was born.
I don’t know the reason why/for which she looks unhappy today.
[判定用關系代詞還是用關系副詞]
關系代詞與關系副詞的選用,應看先行詞在定語從句中充當什么成分:若作主語、賓語或定語,則用關系代詞who,whom,that,which,who,as等;若作狀語, 就用where, when, why等關系副詞。如:
The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Sunday. (狀語)
The reason that/which he gave us sounded reasonable. (賓語)
Pisa is a city, which has a leaning tower. (主語)
Pisa is a city, where there is a leaning tower. (狀語)
[介詞+關系代詞]
當關系代詞作介詞賓語時,就出現了“介詞+關系代詞”的結構引導定語從句的現象。當先行詞指物時用“介詞+which”,指人時用“介詞+whom”,且關系代詞不能省略。而這種結構中較難解決的問題是介詞的選擇問題:
1. 介詞的確定可以根據整個句意來確定。
Oxygen is a kind of gas, without which we couldn’t live.
2. 介詞可以根據與先行詞的搭配來確定。
He gave me the book for which he paid a lot of money. (動詞與介詞搭配)
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded. (名詞與介詞搭配)
The snake, of which she ud to be afraid, is her favorite animal now. (形容詞與介詞搭配)
定語從句的用法講解相關 文章 :
1. 英語中as引導的定語從句的相關講解
2. 定語從句中關系詞的用法講解
3. 英語定語從句的用法
4. 英語數詞的分類和用法
5. 高中英語語法知識總結:定語從句
6. 考點初中英語定語從句的用法
7. 非限制性定語從句的用法講解
8. 英語語法:定語從句
9. 定語從句語法知識點匯總
如何講解定語從句
一、定義: 在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。 定語 定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語和分詞短語)或句子,漢語中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容詞擔任,此外,名詞,代詞,數詞,分詞,副詞,不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔任,也可以由一個句子來擔任。 單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的'詞之后,作后置定語。定語從句是指在一個句子中作定語的句子,定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后。如:
1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) You must do everything that I do.上面兩句中的man和everything是定語從句所修飾的詞,叫先行詞,定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞that, which, who(賓格whom, 所有格who)和關系副詞where, when、why關系詞常有三個作用:
1、引導定語從句
2、代替先行詞
3、在定語從句中擔當一個成分
二、關系代詞引導的定語從句
1、who指人,在從句中做主語
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2.、whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.注意:關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。
(2) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3、which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主語)
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做賓語)
三、定語從句的結構: 在復合句中,修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子(做這個名詞或代詞的定語)叫定語從句,定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面,被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞,它與定語從句之間要有一個詞連接,這個詞指代先行詞的內容叫做關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞:that, which, who, who, when, where, why)。先行詞在定語從句中充當主語,賓語,時間,地點,原因狀語。
結構:先行詞+關系詞+定語從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who es another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are bad on a common theme.
4. The park has a conrvation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have en their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman who ri to fame is an inspiring story.
英語定語從句用法詳解
英語定語從句用法詳解
英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼,因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。下面網我為大家具體講解下英語定語從句的用法,供大家參考。
一、定語從句的有關概念
所謂定語從句,就是在復合句中起定語作用以修飾主句中的名詞或代詞的從句。學習定語從句,首先要弄清兩個重要概念——先行詞和關系詞。
先行詞是我們漢語中從來沒有聽過的一個新概念,它其實指的就是被定語從句所修飾的詞。由于定語從句修飾名詞或代詞時,定語從句通常是后置的,所以人們就將放在定語從句前被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
那什么是關系詞呢?其實它就是用于引導定語從句的引導詞。事實上,英語中的各類從句,不管性質如何,它們都需要有一個詞來“引導”,正如人們給引導狀語從句的詞語取了個名字叫從屬連詞一樣,人們也給引導定語從句的詞語取了個名字,叫它關系詞,因為它通常被放在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用,以表明兩者之間的修飾關系,同時它還在定語從句中充當一定的句子成分。
二、定語從句中關系詞與所修飾先行詞的關系
為了更好地理解定語從句,我們還有必要研究一下關系詞與先行詞之間的關系。但在研究這種關系之前,我們先來看看關系詞有哪些。
根據關系詞在定語從句中的作用,我們可以將關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。所謂關系代詞就是指起代詞作用的關系詞,它們在引導定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、賓語等,英語中比較常用的關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, who等。
類似地,關系副詞就是指起副詞作用的關系詞,它們在引導定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當狀語等,英語中比較常用的關系副詞只有三個,即when, where和why。
許多初學定語從句的人弄不清關系詞與先行詞之間到底是什么關系。其實啊,關系詞與先行詞之間的關系很簡單,簡單得可以劃一個等號。因為,關系詞的含義在本質上等價于先行詞,它與先行詞指的就是同一個人或同一個事物。為便于理解,下面我們來看幾個例子吧。
I know the man who lives next door. 我認識住在隔壁的那個人。
這是一個含有定語從句的復合句。句中的the man為先行詞,who lives next door為修飾the man的定語從句;在定語從句中,who是關系詞,它在定語從句中用作主語,從意義上說,它在此所表示的意思與先行詞the man等價,換句話說,上面這個句子與下面這個句子等價:I know the man. He lives next door. 我認識這個人,它就住在隔壁。
She will never forget the day when she got married. 她永遠不會忘記她結婚的這一天。
句中的the day為先行詞,when she got married為修飾the day的定語從句;在定語從句中,when是關系詞,它在定語從句中用作狀語,從意義上說,它在此與“介詞+先行詞”所表示的意思等價,也就是說上面的句子與下面這個句子等價:She will never forget the day. On that day she got married. 她永遠不會忘記這一天,在這一天她結婚了。
三、定語從句的翻譯
許多英語初學者往往弄不明白為什么引導定語從句的關系詞which不能譯為“哪一個”,who不能譯為“誰”,when不能譯為“什么時候”,where不能譯為“什么地方”,等等。
首先,我們必須要明白一點,那就是引導定語從句的which, who, when, where, why等是關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞),而不是疑問詞,所以不能按疑問詞的意思來理解。
前面我們講到,英語中的定語從句總是后置的,即要放在被修飾名詞或代詞之后;但在漢語中,定語通常是前置的,也就是說定語要放在被修飾名詞的前面,并通常表現為“……的”這樣的形式。當我們翻譯英語中定語從句的時候,一般可以按漢語習慣,將定語從句翻譯在被修飾的名詞或代詞之前,而其中的關系詞一般就是譯成漢語中的“……的”。如:
He showed me the article that he had written. 他把他寫的文章拿給我看。
句中的that he had written為修飾名詞the article的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“他寫的文章”,其中的關系代詞that在此譯成了“的”字。
She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在剛到的那列火車上。
句中的which arrived just now為修飾名詞the train的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“剛才到的那列火車”,其中的關系代詞which在此也譯成了“的”字。
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是沒什么人上班的日子。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 這就是我們去年夏天住的旅館。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
Give me one reason why we should help you. 給我舉出一個我們應當幫助你的理由。
句中的why we should help you為修飾名詞one reason的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“我們應當幫助你的理由”,其中的關系副詞why在此也譯成了“的”字。
當然,我們上面介紹的是翻譯定語從句最簡單同時也是最基本的方法,由于英語句子千變萬化,定語從句的表現形式也靈活多樣,有些含有定語從句的句子可能用此方法翻譯會顯得別扭,但只要掌握了這個基本的方法,再加上適當的變通,翻譯定語從句也就不難了。
四、定語從句中關系代詞的省略
省略關系代詞最典型的情形就是當關系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語的時候。在定語從句中能夠用作賓語的關系代詞有that, which, who, whom。如:
Tho books (that) you lent me were very uful. 你借給我的那些書很有用。
句中的(that) you lent me為修飾tho books的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞that在定語從句中用作動詞lent的賓語,故可以省略。
I wore the necklace (which) my mother had left me. 我戴著我媽留給我的項鏈。
句中的(which) my mother had left me為修飾the necklace的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞which在定語從句中用作動詞left的賓語,故可以省略。
Do you still remember the boy (who, whom) I was going out with? 你還記得那個跟我約會的小伙子嗎?
句中的(who, whom) I was going out with為修飾the boy的定語從句,引導定語從句的關系代詞who / whom在定語從句中用作句尾介詞with的賓語,故可以省略。
注意:我們說的關系代詞的省略只限于限制性定語從句,在非限制性定語從句中,即使關系代詞用作賓語也不能省略。另外,當關系代詞直接用作介詞后作賓語時,此時也不能省略。如:
I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
此句中的關系代詞which雖然也是用作賓語,但不能省略,因為它是直接跟在介詞with后面作賓語。但是,如果將此句改寫一下,將介詞with置于句末,則可以將關系代詞whom省略。如:
I wanted to find someone (whom) I could discuss books and music with. 我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
五、引導定語從句的主要關系代詞
1. that的用法
that是所有關系代詞中最常用的,它既可指人也可指物,既可用作主語也可用作賓語。如:
This is the photo (that) I took. 這就是我拍的照片。
引導定語從句的關系代詞that在此指事,且在定語從句中用作賓語,故可以省略。
They live in a hou that was built 200 years ago. 他們住在一座兩百年前蓋的房子里。
引導定語從句的關系代詞that在此指物,且在定語從句中用作主語,故不可以省略。
The man that I saw told me to come here. 我見到的人讓我到這里來。
引導定語從句的關系代詞that在此指人,且在定語從句中用作賓語,故可以省略。
2. who / whom的用法
關系代詞who和whom均只能指人,不能指物;從理論上說,who是主格,在定語從句中用作主語;whom是賓格,在定語從句中用作賓語。但在實際運用中,除非是直接用作介詞后作賓語,否則凡是用賓格whom的地方。如:
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一個人,他說認識你。
引導定語從句的關系代詞who在此指人,且在定語從句中用作主語,故不可以省略。
She is the girl (who, whom) you saw in school. 她就是你在學校見到的那個女孩。
關系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語,從理論上說應用whom,但也可以用who;由于是用作主語,所以它們也可以省略。
注意,如果關系代詞是直接用作介詞后作賓語,不可以用who來代替whom。如:
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 我和她談話的那個姑娘是我表妹。
句中的whom直接用在介詞to的后面作賓語,故不可省略。
3. who的用法
不要以為關系代詞who只用于指人,其實它也可以用于指事物;who在定語從句中主要用作定語。如:
He is the man who car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的人。
It was an island who name I have forgotten. 這是一座島,名字我忘了。
第一句中的關系代詞who指人,第二句中的關系代詞who 指物。
六、引導定語從句的主要關系副詞
1. when的用法
關系副詞when在定語從句中用作狀語,表示時間,用以修飾表示時間的先行詞;在許多情況下可以理解為“介詞+which”的意思(which的意思與先行詞所表示的`意思等價),其中的“介詞”通常應根據先行詞的含與搭配來確定。如:
1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。
句中的when he was born為修飾the year的定語從句,關系副詞when在此相當于in which。表示在某一年,英語習慣上用介詞in,如in 1988, in 2008等,所以此處用in which。
I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. 我永遠不會忘記第一次見你的那天。
句中的when I first met you為修飾the day的定語從句,關系副詞when在此相當于on which。表示在某一天,英語習慣上用介詞on,如on that day, on Friday等,所以此處用on which。
Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘記婚禮開始的時間。
句中的when the wedding will start為修飾the time的定語從句,關系副詞when在此相當于at which。表示在某一時刻,英語習慣上用介詞at,如at that time, at the moment等,所以此處用at which。
2. where的用法
關系副詞where在定語從句中也是用作狀語,表示地點,用以修飾表示地點的先行詞;在許多情況下也可以理解為“介詞+which”的意思(which的意思與先行詞所表示的意思等價),其中的“介詞”通常應根據先行詞的含與搭配來確定。如:
What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那個城市叫什么名字?
句中的where you live為修飾the town的定語從句,關系副詞where在此相當于in which。表示在住在某城市,英語習慣上說明live in a city,所以此處用at which。
This cross marks the spot where she died. 這個十字符號標明她死去的地點。
句中的where she died為修飾the spot的定語從句,關系副詞where在此相當于at which。表示在在某一地點,英語習慣上說明at a spot,所以此處用at which。
3. why的用法
關系副詞why在定語從句中也是用作狀語,表示原因;why引導定語從句時,其先行詞只有一個,那就是the reason;在許多情況下why也可以理解為for which。如:
The are the reasons why we do it. 這些就是我們這樣做的理由。
句中的why we do it為修飾the reason的定語從句,關系副詞why在此相當于for which。
Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜歡我的原因嗎?
句中的why she doesn’t like me為修飾the reason的定語從句,關系副詞why在此相當于for which。
why是一個比較特殊的關系副詞,它引導定語從句時,除可換成for which外,有時也可換成that,甚至省略。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
正:The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank.
正:The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.
正:The main reason he lost his job was that he drank.
七、限制性和非限制性定語從句
根據從句與主句的關系是否緊密來區分,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。
所謂限制性定語從句,它的作用是對先行詞起修飾、限制或確定的作用,若去掉,先行詞的意思就不明確,它是不可缺少的一部分,它與先行詞的關系密不可分,不可用逗號將其分開。
而非限制性定語從句的作用則只是對先行詞起補充說明作用,它是可有可無的,與先行詞關系松散,通常用逗號將其分開。因此,有無逗號通常是區分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的重要標志。
從所使用的關系詞來看,在限制性定語從句中,that可以代替who, whom和which等,但在非限制性定語從句中不能用that。如:
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。
句中的which引導非限制性定語從句,不可換成that。
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后來他遇到瑪麗,瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會。
句中的who引導非限制性定語從句,不可換成that。
另外,關系副詞when和where既可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從句;但關系副詞why則只能引導限制性定語從句,不能引導非限制性定語從句。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期,那時天氣可能會好一點。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奧伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽車去上班。
以上兩句中的關系副詞when和where均引導非限制性定語從句。
八、關系代詞還是關系副詞
一般說來,當先行詞是表示時間的名詞時,其后要用關系副詞when來引導定語從句;先行詞是表示地點的名詞時,其后要用關系副詞where來引導定語從句。但這只是一般情況,有時會有特殊情況噢!不信你看看下面的句子:
Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you. 不要忘記我告訴你的時間。
This is the hou that he bought yesterday. 這就是他昨天買的那座房子。
這兩句均含有定語從句,它們所修飾的先行詞分別為the time和the hou,分別為表示時間和地點的名詞,但為什么后面接的是關系代詞that,而不是關系副詞when和where呢?
要弄清這個問題,我們先來回顧一下關系代詞和關系副詞的用法。前面我們講到,關系代詞具有代詞的功能,在定語從句中可用作主語或賓語等;而關系副詞則具有副詞的功能,它們在定語從句中只能用作狀語。所以,當我們要判斷一個時間或地點名詞后是用關系詞that 還是關系副詞when和where時,我們首先要明確關系詞在定語從句是用作什么成分——用作主語或賓語,則用關系代詞;用作狀語,則用關系副詞。
現在我們再來分析一下上面的兩個句子:
在Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you中,定語從句that I’ve told you之所以要用that來引導,是因為從句中的動詞told缺賓語,tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth,所以定語從句要用關系代詞引導。
在This is the hou that he bought yesterday中,定語從句hat he bought yesterday之所以也要用that來引導,同時是因為從句中的動詞bought缺賓語,所以定語從句也要用關系代詞引導。
確定用關系代詞還是用關系副詞的簡便方法是:看定語從句中是否缺少主語或賓語,若缺,用關系代詞;若不缺,用關系副詞。
;定語從句語法講解
定語從句語法講解
一、 知識點梳理
充當定語修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。
被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,由一定的連接詞引導,連接詞稱為關系代詞(which,that,as,whom,who,who)或關系副詞(when,where,why)
1、 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句
起對先行詞進行限定、區分的作用。若去掉易產生歧義或使主句意義不明確。(此類定語從句前后沒有逗號)
【eg】The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful. 我媽媽給我買的裙子很漂亮。
⑵非限定性定語從句
與先行詞之間的關系比較松散,只對先行詞起說明和描述的作用。若省去,剩余部分意義仍然完整,表達清楚。(此類定語從句前后用逗號隔開)
【eg】Your writings , which everyone admires , are very
marvelous.
你的作品人人欣賞,實在是太了不起了。
Shakespeare , who plays are popular , was a great
writer.
莎士比亞是個偉大的作家,他的劇作很受歡迎。
⑶某些情況下,一個定語從句既可以作限定性定語從句,又可以作為非限定性定語從句,但二者含義有差別。
【eg】There are ten cars here which are made in China.
這里有十輛中國制造的車。 (這里可能還有其他的車) There are ten cars here , which are made in China. 這里有十輛車,它們都是中國制造的。 (這里只有十輛車)
⑷that和why一般不引導非限定性定語從句,其他引導限定性定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞都可以引導非限定性定語從句。
⑴限定性定語從句
【eg】My elder brother , who is an engineer , is working abroad. 我的'哥哥在國外工作,他是一個工程師。
Last year , I visited Quanzhou , which is a beautiful cityin Fujian Province.
去年我游覽了泉州,它是福建省一個漂亮的城市。
⑴which和that指物
① which和that引導的限定性定語從句表事物,可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語。當他們在賓語從句中做賓語時,that和which常可以省略。
【eg】We must respect the custom here that has existed forhundreds of years.
我們必須尊重這里存在了數百年的習俗。 (做主語) This is the book (that / which) I want to buy.
這就是我想買的那本書。 (做buy的賓語) 多數情況下,that和which 可以通用。
② 在下列幾種情況下,引導定語從句的關系代詞多用that,不用或少用which。
a 先行詞前有形容詞的最高級、序數詞或the only , the very , the last等表絕對意義的詞作修飾語。
【eg】This is the oldest tree that exists in the world.
這是世界上現存最老的一棵樹。
The only thing ( that ) he is interested in is collecting stamps.
他唯一感興趣的事就是集郵。
b 先行詞為不定代詞(anything , nothing , everything)或被little , few , much, any , no等修飾
【eg】All the songs ( that ) he sang are very popular here.
他唱的所有的歌在這兒都很流行。
Everything that should be done has been done..
一切應該做的事情都已經做了。
若先行詞是something,定語從句用 that 和 which 都可以。 c 先行詞既包括人又包括物
【eg】They talked of people and things ( that ) they rememberedin England.
他們談起了記憶中在英國的人和事。
d 當句中已有wh–疑問句,有時為了避免重復,用 that 引導定語從句而不用which。
③ 在下列幾種情況下,一般使用which引導定語從句而不用that. a 引導非限定性定語從句。
【eg】China , which is the third largest country in the world ,is playing an important part in the world affairs. 中國是世界上第三大國家,它在國際事務中起著重要的作用。 b that和which 在從句中作介詞的賓語。
介詞可以放在句末也可以提到關系代詞前面。
介詞放在句末時,關系代詞可用that 和which ,也可省略。
介詞提前到關系代詞前時,只能用which 不能用that ,且which 不可省。
【eg】A bottle opener is a tool ( which / that ) bottles areopened with.
=A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened. 開瓶器是一種用來開啟瓶子的工具。
c 當關系代詞后面有插入語。
【eg】I have received the invitation to your wedding which ,as I have told you , made me very glad.
我已經收到你的婚禮請柬。這個邀請,正如我所告訴你的,使我感到萬分榮幸。
d 若先行詞是that,則用 which 引導定語從句。(that which的結構通常出現在諺語中)
【eg】That which is evil is soon learned.
壞事易學。
④ 先行詞是way時,引導定語從句的關系代詞有三種形式:in which / that或不用引導詞。
【eg】The way he speaks is unique.
=The way that he speaks is unique.
=The way in which he speaks is unique.
他說話的方式很奇特。
⑵who,whom 和that指人。
① who和that在從句中既可做主語又可做賓語
whom 在從句中只可用做賓語。
當who , whom和that在從句中做賓語時,可以省略。
【eg】Do you know the girl who / that is talking with John over
there?
你認識在那邊和John說話的那個女孩嗎?
The man (who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher.
剛才和你說話的那個是我們的老師。
② who , whom , that在從句中都可作介詞的賓語。
介詞可位于句末也可提到關系代詞前。
介詞位于句末時,關系代詞可用who , whom或that,也可省略。 介詞提到關系代詞前時,只能用whom不能用that和who,并且whom不可省。
(注意與2/⑴/③/b類比)
【eg】The man ( who / whom / that ) you have just talked withis our teacher.
=The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher. 剛才和你說話的那個人是我們的老師。
⑶ who指人或指物,充當名詞的修飾語,表示所屬關系。
“who+名詞”=“名詞+ of which”二者意思相同,可互換。
【eg】Look at the hou who windows are round.
=Look at the hou the windows of which are round. 看那座窗戶是圓形的房子。
⑷ as引導的定語從句
① 先行詞有such 或the same 修飾,或者在as/so as 的結構中,都可用as
做關系代詞來引導限定性定語從句。
【eg】I want to buy the same pen as you are using.
我想買一支和你用的那支一樣的筆。
He ud such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語。
當the same修飾先行詞時,引導定語從句的關系代詞既可以用as也可用that。
區別:that引導的定語從句表示它所表述的事物與先行詞是同一個。
as既可以表示“同一個”又可以表示“同類”。
【eg】This is the same book that I have lost.
這就是我丟失的那本書。
This is the same book as I have lost.
這本書和我丟失的那本一模一樣。
② as引導非限定性定語從句。
as引導非限定性定語從句,修飾的是前面的整個句子。
which 也有這種用法,兩者在大部分情況下可互換。
【eg】She has just cried , as / which I could e from her swollen eyes.
她剛剛哭過,我從她紅腫的眼睛就可以看出。
As is known to all , China is the third largest country in the world.
眾所周知,中國是世界上第三大繁榮國家。
which引導非限定性定語從句和引導的非限定性定語從句的區別: a which從句只能放在句末,而as從句可位于句首、句中、句末。
【eg】Mark Twain , as we all know , is a great writer. 眾所周知,馬克吐溫是一位偉大的作家。
b 當主句是否定句時,as不能用 which 來替換。as從句所修飾的范圍并不包括主句的否定意義。
【eg】Spiders are not incts , as many people think. 蜘蛛并非像許多人所想的那樣是昆蟲。
3、 關系副詞when , where , why的使用
關系副詞where , when , why在從句中分別做地點狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語。他們經常可以用“介詞+ which ”來替代
⑴when可替換為 on / at / in / during + which , 在定語從句中做時間狀語。
【eg】I still remember the day when / on which we first met. 我還記得我們初次見面的那一天。
Do you still remember the summer vacation when / duringwhich we visited a lot of places in Beijing?
你還記得我們在北京游覽了很多地方的那個暑假嗎?
⑵ where可替換為 at / in / to + which ,在定語從句中跟在表地點的名詞后面做地點狀語。
【eg】That is the school where / at which I ud to study. 那就是我過去學習過的學校。
Think of a place where / to which we can go for a swim. 想一個我們可以去游泳的地方。
⑶ why 可替換為for which ,引導先行詞為reason的定語從句,表示原因。
【eg】This is the reason why / for which he was late. 這就是他遲到的原因。
⑷ 關系副詞when , where , why 引導定語從句時一般可用that替換,也可省略。
【eg】She is always busy working from the time ( when / that )she gets up in the morning till the time ( when / that ) she goes to bed.
她總是很忙,從早上起床一直到上床睡覺,她都在工作。 That is the place ( where / that ) I went before.
那就是我們從前去過的地方。
Do you know the reason ( why / that ) he left the company? 你知道他離開公司的原因嗎?
二、 例題
1、( )The flood overflowed the riverbanks , ______ frequently happened in that area.
A as it B which C it D such
2、( )This is the best novel ______ we have read in recent years.
A which B that C as D so
3、( )All ______ is a large sum of money.
A what is needed B that is needed
C the thing needed D for their needs
4、( )Read the text a cond time and you will probably know what the principle ______ a hovercraft works.
A is on that B has on which
C is on which D on which
5、( )The way ______ he gives his performances is appreciated by his fans. Which of the followings is wrong?
A / B which C in which D that
6、( )My assistant , ______ carefully read through the instructions before doing the experiment , did not get satisfactory results.
A who thought B even who
C who had D who having
7、( )In the dark streets , there was not a single person ______ she could turn for help.
A that B who C from whom D to whom
8、( )The neighbourhood factory , ______ workers are all women , turns out toys
of fine quality.
A there B which C who D when
9、( )He is such an outstanding leader ______ is loved by the people throughout the country.
A as B that C which D who
10、( )The can opener is easy to handle , ______ is shown in the picture.
A as it B as C that D since
11、( )Everything was quite all right ______ one day ______ she got into trouble.
A not until ; when B until ; before
C not until ; before D until ; when
12、( )A fast food restaurant is the place ______ ,just as the name suggests , eating is performed quickly.
A which B where C there D what
13、( )The plane was delayed , ______ was that the weather was terrible.
A the reason why B the reason for it
C the reason of it D the reason for which
14、( )Do not let the child who is ______ swim in rivers.
A not old enough B too young to
C not old enough to D young enough to
15、( )I think you have got to the point ______ ,a change is needed , otherwi you will fail.
A when B that C where D which
三、鞏固練習
1、( )Is this university ______ they paid a visit to last month?
A which B where C the one D which you
2、( )I will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the village.
A / B when C what D how
3、( ) ______ is mentioned above , the number of the students in nior high schools is increasing.
A Which B As C That D It
4、( )I was late for school this morning becau of the traffic jam ______ I was caught.
A which B where C in which D when
5、( )Has everything ______ can be done ______ done?
A / ; / B / ; been C that ; been D that ; be
6、( )Can you find me something ______ ?
A to open the tin B that I can open the tin
C I can open the tin with D by which to open the tin
7、( )Water dissolves a part of nearly everything ______ it comes in contact.
A where B with which C that D as soon as
8、( )The size of the audience , ______ we had expected , was well over 500.
A whom B that C who D as
9、( )The shop assistant I spoke ______ nothing.
A to say B to said C said D tell
10、( )When the mid-term exam was over , I went fishing - ______ I had not done for weeks.
A anything B everything C nothing D something
11、( )Tigers live in forests , ______ there are plenty of other animals for them to hunt for food.
A when B if C as D where
12、( )I am going to buy the same bicycle ______ you are using now.
A that B which C as D like
13、( )This is the same watch ______ I lost.
A which B as C that D but
14、( )-How far apart do they live?______ I know ,they live in the same neighbourhood.
A As long as B As far as C As well as D As often as
15、( )Yesterday I bought a Chine painting ______ was very reasonable.
A which price B the price of whichC its price D the price of who
key:
1~5 BBBCB 6~10 CDCAB 11~15 DBDAC 鞏固1~5 CABCC 6~10 CBDBD 11~15 DCCBB
高中定語從句的講解
定語從句,一個句子跟在一名詞或代詞(先行詞)后進行修飾限定,就叫做定語從句。
通俗來講,從句在整個句子中做定語,這個從句就叫做定語從句。從句在主句中充當定語成分。 被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句不同于單詞作定語的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。
定語從句由關系詞(關系代詞、關系副詞)引導,關系代詞、關系副詞位于定語從句句首。
定語從句=先行詞+關系詞+從句
擴展資料:
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to e you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Who 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man who car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Plea pass me the book who (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been en before appears in the countryside.
農村出現了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在從句中作主語)
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
參考資料:定語從句-百度百科
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