寫作教程

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Unit1theCorrectWord

Focus

DenotationandConnotation

tionreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindina

dictionary.

ationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.

Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationandconnotation.

WordDenotationConnotationSentence(connotation)

goldAkindofmaterial

source

Expensive,money

wealth

Goldnowisveryexpensive.

moonThenaturalbody

thatmovesaround

theearthonce28

days.

Beautylonely,

coldness,purity,

tranquility

Manyyearspastshestill

keepacharitylikethemoon.

iceWaterfrozensothat

ithasbecomesolid.

Coldness,

indifferencecruelty,

death,etc

Theiceinhisvoicewasonly

tohidethepain.

bloodRedliquidflowing

throughthebodies

ofhumanoranimal

Relationship,death,

descent,race,

temperament

Bloodisthickthanwater.

winterAasonColdness,

tired,upt

Pleawalkoutyouwinterof

life,justsmiletoyourlife.

Attitude:whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded

hatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:1commendatorypositive2neutral

3derogatorypejorative

CommendatoryNeutralPejorative

quaintstrangebizarre

persiststubbornpigheaded

complimentpraiflattering

SeniorcitizenOldpersonfossil

BachelorgirlSinglegirlspinster

Collocation:fixedcombinationofwords

Thereareveraltypesofcollocation:1.V+N(followthefashion)2.A+N(abrilliantsuccess)

3.V+AD(thinkalike)+N(theanswertoaquestion)5.V+PREP(thinkofanidea)

FalFriends

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Advi(v)(n)angel（天使）（角度）capital（首都，資金）l（國

會大廈）

Complement（補充）ment（稱贊）credible（可信的，確實的）ous（輕

信的，易受騙的）getknowledge(t)nowledge(f)

Grammar

Subject-Verbagreement

1whenthesubjectiscompound

Workandplayareequallyimportant.

Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.

(1)由and或both…and連接的并列結構作主語時，如果意義為復數，謂語動詞用復數；如果

作主語的并列結構不是指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，而是表示單數，則動詞用單數；and與

each等限定詞時，隨后動詞用單數。

(2)由neither…nornotonly…butalso連接的并列結構作主語，隨后動詞形式常遵循就近原則。

(3)主語后用alongwith,togetherwith引導等詞組，動詞形式根據主語形式而定。

2Whenthesubjectexpressquantity

(1)有manya等限定詞，其后動詞形式為單數

(2)apair,heapof后動詞多接單數形式

3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clau,orinthethere-bestructure

(1)以nominalclau作主語，隨后動詞通常用單數

(2)relativeclau中謂語動詞單復數形式通常以關系代詞先行項的形式而定

(3)therebe謂語動詞單復數形式取決于所后的Unit2TheAppropriateWord

Focus

Style:inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.

Formalandgeneral

Formalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyand

areudforeverydaycommunication.

formalgeneral

fracturebreak

lucidclear

terminateend

corpulentfat

facilitateMakeeasy

verifyprove

concuragree

Notice:acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistou

generalwordsinmostcasandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.

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Colloquialandslang

Well,now,youknow,I’dliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink….whichcanbeudincolloquial,and

omeformalconstitutionwe’dbetternotu

it.

Notice:thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmay

hslangcanmakeapassagelooandunrious;somemayevensoundodd.

Styleandaudience

Theformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuofformalandabstract

words,abnceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.

Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostly

general,andoccasionalandclippedwords.

Differentstyleareudtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.

Chinglish:itreferstotheunidiomaticuofEnglishbyChinespeaker

Avoidliteraltranslation

chinglishdiomatic

Bigfilmblockbuster

EarlylovePuppylove

ConvenientnoodlesInstantnoodles

FistproductKnockoutproduct

OnexgoodsDisposablegoods

Grasptheconnotation

請幫我們(宣傳)一下這個新產品。

Pleahelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.

Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote

他遇事總是先想著自己，真是太個人主義了

Heislf-concernedandindividualistic。Individualisticshouldbereplacedbylfishness

Grammar

Pronouns

ive

Subjective:Isheyouheitwhowhomthey

Objective:meheryouhiswhomwhothemits

3theBetterWord

Focus

Conciness(Brevityisthesoulofwit.)

Tip:1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint

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2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers

3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs

4changephraintosinglewords

5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauintophras.

Notice:twayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefully

andtrytofindwords,phrasorevenntencethatarenotesntial.

Preciness：Theconcretenessofexpression

Generalwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwords

providepreci,nsoryorconcretedetails.

Forexample:itwasfinelastweekend,

adawonderfultime.

Improved:Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothe

countryside,omanypeoplewhoweariedplain

andsimplec’re

sreallyamemorable

andwonderfultime.

Effectiveness

SentenceBaUnit4

Focus

Thentenceba,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandone

verb.

Subject:tochooagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinntencewriting,telluswhoor

whatisresponsibleforanaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.

Positionofthesubject:Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofa

ntence.

Thesubjectofadeclarativentence-antencethatmakesastatement–usuallyprecedesthe

nesituation,itfollowstheverb,(Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyin

white.)

Voice:e

subjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthe

passivevoice.

1Choosingtheactivevoice

Theactivevoicestresstheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeantencedirect,conci,

andvigorous.

2Choosingthepassivevoice

Thoughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyudinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemore

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suitableforthefollowing:

1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weuthepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionof

theverb

2thepassivealsoudtokeepthefocusoftwontences

Grammar

Ten

1Thesimpleprent:a表示現在的狀態，b表經?；蛄晳T性動作，c表主語具備的性格和功能

d普遍真理和自然規律e表示將來和過去時間

2Sequenceoftens:simpleprent,simplepast,prentprogressive,pastprogressive,prent

perfective,pastperfective,prentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressive

Mood:theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemood

Thesubjunctivemood:Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood(abbreviatedsjv

orsbjv)isaverbmoodtypicallyudinsubordinateclaustoexpress

variousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,

opinion,necessity,metimes

referredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunction

Unit5ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Attributes:wordsorphrasudtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.

Whatcanbeudasattribute?

ADeterminers:referstowordsthatareudtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounora

nominalphra.

Itincludedarticles,posssiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.

Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.

Forexample:hairyanimals,aredro

Cnouns:mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.

Forexample:Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.

D-ingforms:todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatetheprentstateofthenoun.

Wealllikehersmilingface.

E–edforms

Heonlydrinksimportedwine.

Finfinitives:nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.

Doyouhaveafriendtotalkto.

Gprepositionalphras:itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.

Ican’tstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyou?

RelativeClaus

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Whyurelativeclau:tomakethenounithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreaders’

attentiontothemainclau

MysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.

ThetoycarwaslikedbymysonverymuchwhichIboughtformyson.

Writingcorrectrelativeclaus

RULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathing

ForexampleA+thatwhich+clau

RULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoaperson

ForexampleA+thatwho+clau

RULE3wheretheantecedentisudasposssiveintheclau

ForexampleA+who+clau

RULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatime

ForexampleA+when+clau

RULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoaplace

ForexampleA+where(inat+which)+clau

RULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacau

ForexampleA+why+clau

RULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamanner

ForexampleA+inwhich+clau

RULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauasawhole

Foeexampleprecedingntence+which+clau

Rule9wheretherelativeclauhasnorelativeword

Iftherelativeisudasobject,itcanbeomitted.

Rule10wheretherelativebeginswithapreposition

Forexampleantecedent+prep+which+clau

Rule11wheretheantecedentandtherelativeclauareparatedbyacomma

Forexample:anon-restrictiveclau(Theboy,whohaveplayedtruanttowatchthefootball

match,willhavetocopythetext.)

Grammar

IncompleteSentence

APhrafragment:inexperiencedwritersmaywriteaphraasifitwereantencebecau

theyborrowthephradirectlyfromthespokenlanguage.

I’intheafternoon..(I’llmeetyouinthelibraryatfourinthe

afternoon.)

Bfragmentwithoutasubject

kedatthestreetbelow.(Shestoodbythewindowandlooked

atthestreetbelow.)

Cfragmentwithoutaauxiliaryverb:fragmentsoftencontainverb-likeparticlesorinfinitives

whichcauthewritertothinkaverbhasbeeninclude.

Dfragmentofdependentclaus:whenadependentclauarefairllong,awritermight

mispuctuateitasantence.

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WordOrder

Determiners:名詞前的限定詞順序為前位-中位-后位，同時一個名詞中心詞前不能同時用兩

個中位限定詞或兩個前位限定詞。

Adjectives

形容詞修飾名詞的順序為：限定詞-數詞-描繪詞-（大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色）出處-

材料性質類別-名詞。

Unit6ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Participle

Gettingtoknowparticiple:therearetwokindsofparticiple,oneendingwith–ing,andtheother

endingwith–edwhichformstoudependsontherelationshipbetweentheverbandthenoun

described.

1Thetremblingoldmanstoodbythebrokenwindow.

2Frightenedbyastrangenoidownstairshewentdownslowly,holdinghisguninhishand

Complexparticiplephra

Aprentparticipleindifferentmodesandaspects

BParticiplewithconjunction

Time:weuwhilewhentoemphasizethattheparticipleactionandthepredicateactiontake

uwordslikebefore,aftertoshowthequenceofthetwo

action

Whilechasingthecat,thedoghurtitsfeet.

Concession:weuwordslikethough,although,evenif,concession.

Shedoesn’tplantogototheparty,eventhoughinvited.

Condition:weuifwhenorunlessbeforeaparticipletoindicatethatthisisjustacondition,

insteadofafact.

Whenhearted,thismaterialwillgiveoffaverybadsmell.

Gettingtoknowparticiple’sfunction

Acreatingconcintence

Bproducingmoredetailedntence

1Theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand,shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingle

word.

2Shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword,theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand.

(Better)

Cestablishingclearerlogic

I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays,hurtinaaccident.

Hurtinaaccident,I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays.

Absolutes

Gettingtoknowabsolutes

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Usingabsolutewithpurpo

Aaddingdescriptivedetailstomakentencemuchmorevivid.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,hiyeclod.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,acigaretteburninginhishand.(better)

Bindicatingcau-effectrelationships

Heglaredathisboss,smiledisappeared.

Thegirlwanjoyingherfavoritesong,laughedloudly.

Grammar

Comma-splitntence:uacomatoconnecttwoparateideas,ortwoindependentntence

Wecanusomeconjunctiontocombinethentence.

Fudntence

Weshouldknowthebastructureofntence,likeSVC,SV,SVO,SVOC….

Unit7JoiningSentenceTogether

FOCUS

Coordination:isacommonsyntacticpatternformedbygroupingtogethertwoormore

categoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,or.

Coordinatestructures

Abasiccoordinateformula

Coordination=itemA+andbut+itemB(aredandyellowcurtain)

Bcoordinationadifferentgrammaticallevels

1hardbutrewarding(wordlevel)

2afive-thousand-Yuansalaryandatwo-monthpaidholiday(phralevel)

3whoisoldenoughtoprovideknowledgeablelessonsaboutlifeandwhoisyoungenoughtotreat

studentsasfriends.(claulevel)

4Leadersworkwithmind,andlaborersworkwithhand..(ntencelevel)

Ccoordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators

coordinators:and,but,or

coordinators:both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…

coordination

Coordinationinries=itemA+itemB+itemC…,+Coordinator+lastitem

Dusingconjunctiveadverbs(ntenceconnectors)

1indicatecontrast:however,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwi,incontrast…

2indicatecauandeffect:therefore,thus,hence,conquently,asaresult,forthisreason

3inndicateasimilarideafollows:besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarly

4indicateemphasisandillustration:indeed,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstance

5indicatetime:then,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,later

Coordinationatthentencelevel

coordinatorrelationship

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andThetwoitemsaresimilar

butThetwoitemsaredifferent

orTwoitemsarealternative

norNeitherofthetwoitemstakeplace

soCautheeffect

yetWhatthentencelessclothanwithbut

Functionofcoordinatentences:toclaritytherelationshipbetweenclausandassignqual

weighttotheideas

Advancedusagesofcoordinatentence

Arepetitionorabnceofcoordinators

Bmicolons:aitquittancethepaceofthentence;bslowlythentencedown,sothereader

willpundateovertheideas.

Cinterruptedcoordination:thephrainrtedaddsmoreinformationtotheoriginal

gthentencepasternsmorevaried.

JoiningSentenceTogetherUnit8

Focus

SubordinationTheclauthatcanbeudindependentlyiscalledindependent

clau;theclauthatcannotbeudaloneiscalleddependentclau,andthewordudto

connectthemandindicatedrelationshipiscalledsubordinator.

nation

Similarity:theybothcombinetwoclauintoonentence

Difference:Thetwoclausincoordinatentencecanbeudindecently,becautheir

meaningsarecomplete;whileinsubordinateonlyonentenceiscompletemeaningsandcanbe

udindigently.

Coordination:Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechotomajorinaccounting.

Subordination:AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechotomajorinaccounting.

Typesofsubordination

Anominalclau:anominalclauisadependentclaufunctioningasanoun.

Whyyourfathercomeshereisamysterytome.

Brelativeclaus:Ilikethedogthatwhichischasingacat

Cadverbialclaus

Functionsofsubordination

Amoreinformation

Bemphasis:tosumup,subordinationcanaddmoreinformationtoantence,andmore

importantly,itcangivespecialemphasistopartofthentence.

Effectiveuofsubordination

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Apositionofthesubordinateclau

Bsimplifiedsubordination

Unit9SentenceVariety

Waystoachieventencevariety

1Byvaryingthelength

Ashortntence:emphatic,suitablefortheprentationofimportantfactsandideas.

Blongntence:capableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision;suitableforthe

explanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.

2Byvaryingthepattern:byntencepatterns,wemeanntenceofdifferent

functionsandstructures

AAvoidstringsofbriefandsimplentence

BAvoidtoomanycompoundntence.

Sentencefunction:ogativeimperativeexclamatory

Grammaticalstructure;simple,compound,complex,compound-complex

3Byvaryingtheemphasis

Thefirststrategyforemphasis

NaturalemphasispositioninEnglishntence

1Theendofantenceisthemostemphasisposition;thebeginningthecond;themiddlethe

last.

2Whenweshifttheorder,wecreateacertainemphaticeffect,otherelementssuchasattributes

andadverbialsareusuallyplacedclotowhattheymodify.

Thecondstrategy;byusingemphaticpatterns,likewhat…is…,itis…that…,therebe…

whothat…,doverb,passivevoice

4Byvaryingthebeginner

Asubject:besidesnounsandpronouns,numerals,infinitives,ingparticipleandclaucanalso

gdifferentkindsofsubjectstobeginntences,wecanalsoachieve

ntencevariety.

Badverbial:besidesbeginningntencewithsubject,wemayalsoputadverb,-lyatthe

beginningand“to”beginners,prepositionalphrabeginner,adjadvphracanallbeudas

nalsoimproventencevariety.

Unit10Punctuation

Commonpunctuationmarks:thecomma(,),theperiod(.),the

micolon(;),thecolon(:),thequestionmarks(?),thedash(-),quotation

marks(“”),theexclamationmark(!),parenthes(()),theslash(),italics

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underling(_)

Period:1uaperiodtoshowtheendofntence.2uaperiodaftercertainabbreviations.

Comma:1Joinshortandclolyrelatedparallelntence

2inacompoundntencebeforetheconjunctionorconnective

3afteranadverbialsclauorphrabeforethesubjectofthentence

4nonerestrictiveclausandphraaretoffbycommas

5commastoffparentheticalelements

6uacommawithquotationmarkstoshowwhatsomeonehassaiddirectly

7inthedate,intheorder

Semicolons

1uamicolonbetweenindependentclaunotjoinedbycoordinatingconjunction

Hismotherwon’tlethim;sheisafraidhemightgethurt.

2themicolonisudtoparateariesofitemswhichcontain

Forexample,professorZhao,DeanoftheNormalCollege;Mr.,Han,editorin-chiefofthelocal

eveningpaper.

3有些其聯系作用的副詞，如however,thus,otherwi,hence,nevertheless,besides,

conquently等等，不應該用作連詞來聯系并列句，他們之間應該用分號而不用逗號，此后

用逗號。

Theinventionbroughthimfame;moreover,itbroughthimmoney.

Colon

1usacolontointroduceanexplanation,asummary,anappositive,oralistofthings.

2itisudafteracompletestatementwhenintroducingalist.

常用錯誤，在英語中例如一類的詞后常用逗號代替冒號。

Quotation

1theperiodandthecommaalwayscomeinsidethequotationmarks.

2themicolonandthecolonalwayscomeoutsidethequotationmarks.

3uittoenclothetitlesofessays,articles,shortstores,shortpoems,chapters…