專業課英語

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《英語詞匯學》

簡答題:

theimportanceofbasicwordstock?

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthe

language,whichhasfivecharacteristics:allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polymy,collocability

.

eneologisms?Giveoneexampletoillustratethem.

Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,mplesgoas

follows:

"Theymisunderestimatedme."(,September26,2001)

"Wedon'twanttogetdixie-chicked,oranythinglikethat,'veinvestedtensofmillionsofdollarsinthe

movie."(Dreamworkxecutive,2003)

dixie-chicked,tobecomethesubjectofridiculeandeconomiclossbyalienatingaconstituency.

sniglet:aterminventedbycomedianRichHalltocharacterizea"wordthatshouldbeinthedictionary,butisn't."Afew

examples:

doork,apersonwhoalwayspushesonadoormarked"pull"orviceversa.

lotshock,theactofparkingyourcar,walkingaway,andthenwatchingitrollpastyou.

pupkus,themoistresidueleftonawindowafteradogpressitsnotoit.

daffynition:apuncoinedbyrehename

UxbridgeEnglishDictionary,makingupdaffynitionsisagameontheBBCRadio4comedyquizshowI'mSorryI

Haven'amples:

antelope,torunoffwithyourmother’ssister.

testicle,anexploratorytickle.

boomerang,whatyousaytofrightenameringue.

pasteurize,toofartoe.

Formorethan20years,columnistBobLeveyofTheWashingtonPosthasbeeninvitingreaderstosubmitnewdefinitions

morablecontributions:

circumvent(n.),theopeninginthefrontofboxershorts.

coffee(n.),apersonwhoiscoughedupon.

flabbergasted(adj.),appalledoverhowmuchweightyouhavegained.

Frisbeetarianism(n.),thebeliefthat,whenyoudie,yoursoulfliesupontotheroofandgetsstuckthere.

population(n.),thatnicensationyougetwhendrinkingsoda.

spatula(n.),afightamongvampires.

testicle(n.),ahumorousquestiononanexam.

esay"Englishisaheavyborrower?"Pleajustifyit.

Englishisaheavtimatedthat

Englishborrowingsconstitute80%atedinEncyclopediaAmericana,"The

ictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed".fromChine,long

timenoefromhaojiubujian(Chine),theword"dream"originallymeant"joy"and"music",itsmodernmeaningwas

borrowedlaterfromtheNor.

iddleEnglishPeriod,whatmadeFrenchadominantlanguageinEngland?

In1066,inthehistoryofEngland,nch-speakingNormansweretherulingclass.

Frore,thowhoinpowerspokeFrench,

thowhowereliteratereadandwroteinFrench;andanyyoungmanwhosoughttoearnhislivingasascribelearned

manConqueststartedacontinualflow

ofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

ppenedinthemid-venteenthcenturyinEngland?

EnglandexperiencedtheBourgeoisRevolutionfollowedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandrotobeagreateconomic

power.

ethethreemainsourcesofnewEnglishwords?

Threemainsourcesofnewwordsare:

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therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology;

social,economicandpoliticalchanges;

theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

ethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixes?

Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectional

dingsarelost,leavingonlyafewinflectionalaffixes,such

aspluralformsofnouns-s(-es),andthecomparativeandsuperlativedegreeformsofadjectives:-er,-tional

tionalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixes

andsuffixes.

ethedifferencesbetweenrootandstem?Explainwithexamples.

Arootisthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.(Whatremainsofa

wordaftertheremovalofallaffixes.).e.g.―internationalists‖removinginter-,-al-,-ist,-s,leavestherootnation.

Astemisaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.e.g.―internationalists‖,nationisarootandastemaswell.

Astemmayconsistofasinglerootortworootsandarootplusanaffix.

Astemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.

oudistinguishcompoundsfromfreephras?

Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasinthefollowingthreeaspects.

1)oundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstelementwhereasinnounphrasthecond

elementisgenerallystresdifthereisonlyonestess.

2)ompoundshouldexpressa

singleideajustasoneword.

3)undtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinantence.

ouexplainthedifferencebetweenbackformationandsuffixation?Giveexampletoillustrateyour

point.

Back-formationisaprocessofw

ow,Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyadding

suffixestostems,andback-formationi

example,-erisanounsuffix,r,peoplemakecan

makeverbsbydroppingtheendingssuchas-orineditor,

removedsuffixesarenottruesuffixesbutinparableparsofthewords.

ethecharacteristicsofassociativemeaning?

Associativemeaningisthecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.

abletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,

geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.

ieflyaboutMartinJoos'theFiveClocks?

Itsuggestsfivedegreesofformality:frozen,formal,consultative,casualandintimate.

thedifferencebetweenlexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaning?

Unlikelexicalmeaning,differentlexicalitems,whichhavedifferentlexicalmeanings,mayhavethesamegrammatical

therhand,onalwords,thoughhaving

littlelexicalmeaning,posssstronggrammaticalmeaningwhereascontentwordshavebothmeanings,andlexical

ownthatgrammaticalmeaning

icalmeaningisconstantinallthecontentwordswithinorwithoutcontextasitisrelatedto

thenotionthatthewordconveys.

thedifferencebetweentheprocessofradiationandconcatenation?

Inradiation，themeaningsareindependentofoneother,vea

graphicdescriptionofthemeaningsofface,itwouldlookverymuchlikeawheelofthebicycle.

Inconcatenation，themeaningreachedbythefirstshiftmaybeshiftedacondtime,andsoonuntilintheendthe

originalmeaningistotallylost.

ifferentiatehomonymsfrompolymics?

Thefundamentaldifferenceliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameform

andthelatortantcriterionistoe

ittymology,thecondismanticrelatedness.

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ethe3typesofantonyms?Illustratewithexamples.

Antonyms--arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.

TypesofAntonyms(accordingtothemanticopposition)

1)Contradictoryterms–esooppodtoeachother

rtionofoneisthedenialoftheother.

—dead,prent—abnt,male—female,boy—girl,true—fal,same—different,imperfect—perfect

2)oppositesaregradableandoneexistsin

comparisonwiththeother.

—(well-to-do)—poor;old—(middle-aged)—young,open—(ajar)—clo,

beautiful—(good-looking)—(plain)—ugly,

3)Relativeterms–rsofwordsindicatesuchasocialrelationshipthatoneof

themcannotbeudwithoutsuggestingtheother,wordsofeachpairare

interdependent.

—child;husband—wife;predecessor—successor,employer—employee

etheextra-linguisticfactorsthatcauchangesinmeaning?

Theyarehistoricalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason.

ethelinguisticfactorsthatcauchangesinmeaning?

Internalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem,andtheinfluxofborrowing,analogy.

stheroleofcontextinunderstandingwordmeaning.

,itcaneliminateambiguity,indicatereferents,andprovide

,

ishardtodeterminetheexactmeaningespeciallywhenthewordispolymicorthentencestructurehasadifferentis

,somereferentslikepronouns,nounsmayrefertoanythingoranybody,asforapronounoranoun,

ifweknowwhatitxactmeaningorreferentis,,contextprovidesimportant

cluesinunderstandingunknownwords,orinexactmeanings,Thecluescanbe:definition,explanation,example,

synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,relevantdetails,wordstructure.

waycanculturalbackgroundaffectthemeaningofwords?

Theextra-linguisticcontextmayextendtoembracetheentireculturalbackground,whichalsoaffectthemeaningof

ecultural,landlordisusuallyunderstoodasreferringtosomeone

edtobeassociatedwith

"exploitation",ract,theterminwesterncountriesisdenotationallydifferent

tcommonlyudmeaningofthewordis"someonewhorentshouformoney."

ethecharacteristicsofEnglishidioms?

Theyarecharacterizedbymanticunity,structuralstability,idiomsarecharacterizedbyterness,expressivenessand

vividness.

ephrasalverbsandverbphras?

Phrasalverbsareidiomswhicharecompodofaverbplusaprepand/rasarecompodofverbs

pluspron/plass+n/a/pron+n/a+n/conj+n/n+v/n+inf,etc./nstructure,phrasalverbsandverbphrasaredifferentfromeach

other,buttheyshareonething:oretheyareidioms.

Englishidiomsappropriately?

InusingEnglishidiomxactlyandrightly,weneedtopayattentiontothefollowingpoints:

1)arecreatedbypeopleintheirdifferentwork,thusacquiringalotofstylisticfeatures.

Theyarecolloquialisms,tosay,idiomsofdifferentstylisticfeaturesareudon

differentoccasions,youshouldnotmisuorabuthem.

2)diomstoachievevividnessofdescription,foridiomscanalliteration,rhyme,

reiteration,s,therearealsosimile,metaphor,metonym,synecdoche,

personificationandeuphemisminidioms.

hestudyofthedictionarynecessaryinlexicology?

AdictionaryisabookwhichprentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,

pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,earlyrelatedtolexicology,which

dealswiththesameproblem:theform,meaning,dknowledgeof

dictionarieswillcertainlybeofgreathelptousintheuofdictionariesandultimatelytheuofEnglishwords.

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ethefourtypesofdictionaries?

(1)Monolingualandbilingualdictionaries:

Amonolingualdictionaryisadictionarywhichiswritteninonelanguage.

Abilingualdictionaryisoneinwhichtwolanguagesareinvolved.

(2)Linguisticandencyclopedicdictionaries:

Alinguisticdictionaryisonewhichaimsatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusageinthelanguage.

Anencyclopedicdictionaryisoneinwhichencyclopedicinformationisprovidedalongwiththegeneralinformationas

inalinguisticdictionary.

Anencyclopediaisadictionary,whichonlyprovidencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.

(3)Unabridged,deskandpocket,electronicdictionaries:

Anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshorteneddictionarywithatleast200,000headwordsthatcansupplyagreatquantityof

basicinformationaboutaword.

Adeskdictionaryisamedium-sizedonecontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,emostpopularoneof

all.

Apocketdictionaryisonewhichhasabout50,000entriesorfewer.

Ane-dictionaryisasmallhandheldcomputerwithintegratedreferencematerials.

(4)Specializeddictionaries:Focusonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge.

ethemajordifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericandictionaries?

AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,forexample,namesof

famouspeople,placesofhistoricalinterestandthelikewhereasBritishdictionaries,especiallylearner’sdictionaries,

includemoregrammaticalinformation.

Generallyspeaking,orAmericanusage,ursareadvid

toconsultAmericandictionariesbecauchancesarethatsuchwordsareexcludedfromageneralBritishone.

ctorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinchoosingadictionary?

Fourfactorsshouldbetakenintiaccount:monolingualorbilingual;generalorspecialized;AmericanorEnglish;earlyor

latest.

ethecontentsofthedictionary?

Thecontentsofthedictionarycanbemadeupofspelling;pronunciation;definition;usage;grammar;usagenotesand

languagenotes;etymologicalinformation;neismosthelpfuldependsonyourinterestsand

needs.

ethreegoodgeneraldictionaries?

(1)LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(LDCE)NewEdition(1987)

Thisdictionaryhas56,000wordsandentries,coveringbothAmericanandBritishEnglishwithspecialemphasisonnew

ains83,000meaningsofwordsandphraswith75,000realisticufulexamplesandadditional500new

tratesonthreemajorclassofwords:nouns,adjectivesandverbs,thedictionaryhasclear

grammarcodes(arrangedbyusingitsownsystemofcodesandputbeforethemainbody).Verbs,forexample,are

dividedintointransitive,sagenotes,wecanfinddiscriminationbetweensynonyms

andnear-synonyms,explainsdifficultgrammarandstylisticpoints,differencesbetweenBritishandAmericanusages,etc.

Thedefinitionscontainmanysynonymsandantonymsprintedincapitalletter.

(2)CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary(CCELD)(1987)

iththedefinitions,therecreatesanextracolumn,whereonecanfindpart

ofspeech,usageinstructions,synonyms,antonyms,superordinates,verbpatternsandsoon,whichisaminiatureofa

grammarbook.

(3)AChine-EnglishDictionary(RevidEdition)(CED)(1995)

linguisticdictionarydifferentfromanencyclopedia?

Linguisticdictuallycoversuchareasas

spelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etc.

Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwiththelanguageperbutprovidencyclopediainformationconcerningeach

,thereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesbutotherinformation.

Encyclopedicdictionaryhavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia,insuchdictionariesyou

canfindthegeneralinformationasinalinguisticdictionaryandlimitedencyclopedicinformationaswell.