英語句子成分分析

任何一門語言都是由詞構(gòu)成句，句構(gòu)成段，段構(gòu)成篇。昨天和大家分享的：背單詞不記詞性，談何正確使用？強(qiáng)調(diào)了背單詞要背什么，達(dá)到什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才符合要求，今天要分享的是句子成分的劃分。懂得句子成分的劃分，對(duì)你的閱讀、寫作、翻譯甚至是你說的話都有幫助。

但是很多同學(xué)對(duì)于句子成分分析不甚了解，經(jīng)常劃分錯(cuò)誤，那么理解出來的句子意思和作者的意圖就相差甚遠(yuǎn)，題目也就容易出錯(cuò)……

句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的。組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主語、謂語、表語、賓語（直接和間接賓語）、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。

主語

主語是謂語講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞或短語來充當(dāng)，也有從句充當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)象。大多數(shù)主語都在句首。

如：

講述“誰” We work in a big factory.

講述“什么” The classroom is very big.

數(shù)詞作主語 Three are enough.

從句作主語 What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物.

▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

▲ 在個(gè)別句型中，主語在整個(gè)句子后面，這時(shí)前面用it作形式主語。如：

It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.

It took two workers aboutthree months to build the hou.

謂語

謂語時(shí)用來說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，謂語必須是動(dòng)詞，謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數(shù)”兩方面必須一致。

如：He is very generous.

She looks very smart and cool

We have finished the job.

He can speak German.

表語

表語說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)，它的位置在系動(dòng)詞后面。

形容詞作表語

You look youngerthan before. 名詞作表語

Myfather is a teacher. 副詞作表語

Everyone is here. 介詞短語作表語

They are at the theatre.不定式作表語

My job is to teach them English. 動(dòng)名詞作表語

Her job is training the nurs.從句作表語

賓語

▲賓語是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當(dāng)，它和謂語動(dòng)詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動(dòng)詞后面。有時(shí)，會(huì)有雙賓語。

如：

名詞作賓語 He never forgives others for their mistakes.

代詞做賓語 He often helps me.

不定式作賓語 He likes to sleep in theopen air.

動(dòng)名詞作賓語The Americans enjoyed livingin China.

從句做賓語 I believe that they can finish the work intime.

▲直接賓語和間接賓語

及物動(dòng)詞作謂語時(shí)，后面要跟賓語，賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象。但有些動(dòng)詞除了直接賓語外，還需要有一個(gè)間接賓語，間接賓語表語動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的，所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當(dāng)。如：

We brought themsome food.

主 謂 間賓 直賓

間接賓語可以放在直接賓語后面，但必須加to 或 for。

賓補(bǔ)

在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達(dá)完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。我們把“賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”合起來稱為復(fù)合賓語。復(fù)合賓語所表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于一個(gè)巨資的意思。名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語.

如:

名詞作賓補(bǔ)If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

形容詞作賓補(bǔ) Don’t make your hands dirty.

副詞作賓補(bǔ) We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)Make yourlf at home.

省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)I saw a girl go into the building.

帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) The boy ordered the dog to lie down.

現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)The boss kept them working all day.

過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)Yesterday he got his leg broken.

在英語中,常見的“賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

▲“賓語+名詞”。常用于改結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：call, name, make, find, choo, think, leave等。

We call himJack.

They made Li Lei their monitor.

▲“賓語+形容詞”。常見的動(dòng)詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。

如：Do you think his idea wrong?

We must keep our classroom clean.

We can’t leave him alone.

▲“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補(bǔ)常表示賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。常見的副詞有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。

如：Let him in/ out.

Mr. Li droveus home.

When got there, we found him out.

▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關(guān)系。

如：We found everything in good order.

We regard him as our good friend.

He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.

▲“賓語+不定式”

充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的不定式有三種：

A 要求帶to的不定式

B要求不帶to的不定式let, make, e, hear, watch等

C 單詞help 后可加 to 或不加 to

▲“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”

現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，此時(shí)在該句型中的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關(guān)系。

I saw them playing on the playground.

I heard Mary singingin the classroom.

▲“賓語+過去分詞”。

賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。

I had my bikestolen.

The teacherexplained again and again to make himlf understood.

▲ 形式賓語＋形容詞

We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.

▲賓語+what從句

Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.

The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.

定語

▲定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當(dāng)定語。因?yàn)樗切揎椕~或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。

如：

形容詞作定語 The black bike is mine.

代詞作定語 What’s your name?

名詞作定語 They madesome paper flowers.

介詞短語作定語 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.

從句作定語 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.

▲修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定語必須后置。

如： We’ll go to have something English.

If you don’t know the answer, ask someone el.

Do you have anything important totell me?

▲介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。

如：Do you know the boy behind thetree?

The students in the room are all my friends.

I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right .

▲動(dòng)詞的不定式作定語時(shí)要后置

What about something to drink?

I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.

▲near by,below, downstairs等個(gè)別方位詞作定語時(shí)要后置。

如：

We are at the topof the hill. Can you e the village below?

The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?

狀語

狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式，從句或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)。狀語一般放在句末，但有時(shí)也可以放在句首、句中。

如：

He did it carefully（程度狀語）

They misd me very much.（程度狀語）

Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.（條件狀語）

In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.（目的狀語）

When I was young, I could swim well.（時(shí)間狀語）