獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構(absolute construction)是英語中難度比較大的一個語法問題,很多同學一碰到獨立主格結構就懵了[捂臉],今天Becky老師來為小可愛們答疑解惑了。
先看下面兩個句子:
1. The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
2. Her glass broken, she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
標紅的部分就是獨立主格結構,簡單來說,
獨立主格結構=名詞/代詞?非謂語動詞
這里,又出現了另外一個概念,就是非謂語,我給不清楚的同學們再講一下,這個問題搞不清楚,英語作文里面就會出現很多語法錯誤。
在英語中,動詞一般做謂語,謂語也都由動詞來承擔,所以我們常說謂語動詞,對吧?所以不是謂語的動詞就要改成非謂語的動詞。
通常,一個英語句子(這里指簡單句、分句或者小句)里,只能有一個謂語,也就是只能有一個動詞做謂語。如果在一個句子里,有兩個及兩個以上動詞,那么只能有一個動詞是謂語,其余動詞都應該改為to do,doing 和done的非謂語形式。
有同學不禁要問了,為什么呀?為什么一個英語句子里只能有一個謂語呀?
不為什么,因為這就是英語語法的規定!
那么非謂語啥意思,顧名思義,就是這個詞它雖然是動詞,但在句子中不做謂語成分,但仍然有動詞的意思,這種動詞就叫非謂語,
比如:to buy,bought,和buying都有動詞“買”的意思,但是這三種形式的“buy”在句子中并不做謂語成分。
舉個例子[玫瑰]:
原文:他去超市買水果。
分析:這句話有兩個動詞“去”和“買”,漢語里可以有連動的用法,但在把這句話翻譯成英語的時候我們要把主要的動詞翻譯為謂語,次要的動詞翻譯為非謂語。
譯文:He went to the supermarket to buy some fruit.
這句譯文的謂語動詞就是went,非謂語動詞就是to buy。To do形式的非謂語表示目的,剛好對應“他去超市買水果”這個意思的表達。
通常,非謂語動詞的邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致,非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語,從而構成復合結構的形式,這種結構就稱為“獨立主格結構”。非謂語動詞若與邏輯主語是主動關系,用現在分詞形式;若是被動關系,用過去的分詞形式。
其實,所謂“獨立主格結構”并非真正獨立,而是與主句緊密聯系在一起,共同表達一個完整的意思,且獨立主格結構,只是一種附屬成分,并不是一個句子,這種結構往往有狀語的作用。
繼續看一開始講的例句:
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
針對這個句子,請大家思考以下幾個問題:
哪一部分是主句?主句的主語是誰?
哪一部分是獨立主格結構?其中arriving的邏輯主語是誰?也就是:arriving這個動作的發出者是誰?
本例句里的we began the meeting是主句(為什么這句是主句,因為這句話里的有主語we和謂語動詞began),主句的主語是we;
本例句里的The chief-editor arriving就是獨立主格結構,其中的非謂語形式arriving的邏輯主語是The chief-editor(因為arrive這個動作的發出者是The chief editor)。
可見,兩者主語不一致,所以非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語,也就是在arriving前面應該加上非謂語自己的邏輯主語,也就是the chief-editor,又因為the chief-editor和arrive是主動關系,所以用非謂語的v-ing形式。
綜上,The chief-editor arriving,這種結構就是獨立主格結構。
再來看第二個例子:[玫瑰]
Her glass broken, she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
獨立主格結構:Her glass broken
主句:she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
一看這句話的逗號后邊的句子she couldn't e the words on the blackboard,有主語,有謂語,所以就是主句。主句的主語是she,而逗號前面的非謂語broken 的邏輯主語是 her glass, 二者不一致,所以her glass broken 就是獨立主格結構,又因為galss是被打碎,所以用過去分詞broken。
獨立主格結構的構成
獨立主格的構成稍顯復雜,主要有以下幾種:
1、名詞/代詞+現在分詞(表示主動或正在進行)
e.g. Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
2、名詞/代詞+過去分詞(表示被動和已完成)
e.g. The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
3、名詞/代詞+不定式(表示將要發生的動作)
e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner(=His friends are going to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.)
4、名詞/代詞+形容詞或副詞(常用來說明名詞的性質,特征或所處的狀態)
e.g. So many people abnt, the meeting had to be called off.(=Becau so many people were abnt, the meeting had to be called off.)
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
5、名詞/代詞+介詞短語
e.g. He went into the classroom,book in hand. (=He went into the classroom and a book is in his hand. )
6、with/without+名詞/代詞+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/不定時
e.g. With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
He sat at a desk with his attention fixed on a book.
I can’t go out with all the clothes to wash.
7、It being +名詞
e.g. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
8、there +being/having been
e.g. There being no further business, I declare the meeting clod.
以上分類其實略有重合的地方,但分類詳細會有助于大家的理解和記憶。如果大家能把以上分類以及例句弄明白并背會的話,足以應付考試的時候出現的獨立主格結構的單選題了。
但并不是說考試的時候,我們能把這個題做對就萬事大吉了,我們的最終目的是靈活掌握這個語法項目,并且能應用到我們的語言實踐中來。
如果能學以致用,在作文中靈活得體地使用獨立主格結構的話,就能使文章增色不少。明天的文章中咱們會講獨立主格結構的修辭特點,感興趣的同學請繼續關注哦!
你學會了嗎?
小試牛刀
1、Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner ated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. who C. which D. that
2、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
3、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C.which D. that
4、He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. that C. which D. them
5、There I met veral people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
6、There I met veral people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
7、 There I met veral people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
8、There _________ nothing more to do,Mr. Goodman left for home.
A. was B. being C. to be D. had being
你答對了嗎?
Keys:
1. A 2.C 3. B 4.D 5.B 6. C 7. B 8.B
明天的文章中會有答案詳講,請感興趣的同學們繼續關注哦。如果您覺得有所收獲,麻動動小手點個贊或者轉發一下吧。
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