英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解及練習

英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解及練習

一、詞類、句子成分和構詞法：

（一）詞類：英語詞類分十種：

名詞、形容詞、代詞、數詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、

感嘆詞。

1、名詞(.)： 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如：

nboy,

morning, bag, ball, class, orange

.

2、代詞()： 主要用來代替名詞。有人稱代詞、物主代詞、

pron.

反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等

等。如

：who, she, you, it .

3、形容詞()：表示人或事物的性質或特征。如：

adj..good,

right, white, orange

.

4、數詞()： 表示數目或事物的順序。如：

num.one, two, three,

first, cond, third, fourth.

5、動詞()： 表示動作或狀態。如：

v.am, is,are,have,e .

6、副詞()： 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、

adv.

程度等。如：

now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.

7、冠詞()：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：

art..a, an, the.

8、介詞()： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關

prep.

系。如

in, on, from, above, behind.

9、連詞()： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如

conj.and, but,

before .

10、感嘆詞()表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：

interj..oh, well,

hi, hello.

（二）句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、

定語、狀語、賓語補足語、表語。

1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。

通常用名詞或代詞擔任。如：(我是格林小姐)

I’m Miss Green.

2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動

詞擔任。如：(杰克每天打掃房間)

Jack cleans the room every day.

3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或

者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如：

My name is

Ping ping .

(我的名字叫萍萍)

4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常

由名詞或代詞擔任。如：(他能拼這個詞)

He can spell the word.

有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓

語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：

He

wrote me a letter .

(他給我寫了一封信)

有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后

面,來強調間接賓語。如： (他給我寫了一

He wrote a letter to me .

封信)

5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如：

Shanghai is a big city .

(上海是個大城市)

6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如：

He

works hard .

(他工作努力)

7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動

詞充當。如：(他們通常

They usually keep their classroom clean.

讓教室保持清潔)(他常常幫我

/ He often helps me do my lessons.

做功課)

/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by

mylf

.(老師要我自學法語)

☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如：

Where is your classmate Tom ?

(你的同學湯姆在哪里？)

二、句子

（一）句子從目的上分：

1.陳述句 2疑問句 3祈使句 4感嘆句

（二）句子從結構上分：

1．簡單句2．并列句（并列復合句）

3．復合句（主從復合句）

1）名詞性從句：（1）主從 (2) 賓從 (3)表從 (4)同從

2）形容詞性從句

定從 （限定性的定語從句和非限定性的定語從句）

3) 副詞性從句（狀從）

（三）五種句子的基本結構：

主謂

主謂賓

主系表

主謂雙賓語（ 間賓 直賓）

主謂復合賓語（賓+ 賓補）

三、句子成分

（一）主語（subject）: 是執行句子的行為或動作的主體。

The sun ris in the east. （名詞）

He likes dancing. （代詞）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞)

Seeing is believing. （動名詞）

To e is to believe. （不定式）

What he needs is a book. （主語從句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主，主從是真正主語）

1. 橫線畫出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘）

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the

classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The uful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very

difficult.

（二）謂語（predicate）: 說明主語的動作、狀態和特征。

We study English. He likes playing the games.

2. 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘）

① I don't like the picture on the wall.

A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

A. Do B. usually D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

B. twins C. have D. breakfast

⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework

⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

A. want B. to tell C. you D. is

⑧ We had better nd for a doctor.

A. We B. had C. nd D. doctor

⑨ He is interested in music.

A. is B. interested C. in D. music

⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

A. give C. whom D. book

（三）表語（predicative）: 系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性

質、狀態和特征。

He is a teacher. （名詞）

Five and five is ten. （數詞）

He is asleep. （形容詞）

The picture is on the wall. ( 介詞短語)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.

（不定式）

The question is whether they will come. （表語從句）

（常見的系動詞有: be feel (摸起來), sound（聽起來）, look

（看起來）, taste（嘗、吃來）, smell（聞起來）keep,

stay ,remain（保持，仍是） get, become, turn（變得） feel（感

覺） ...

It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

3. 橫線畫出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘）

① The old man was feeling very tired.

② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

（四）賓語：

1）動作的承受者-----動賓

I like China. （名詞） He hates you. （代詞）

How many do you need? We need two. （數詞）

We should help the old and the poor.

I enjoy working with you. （動名詞）

I hope to e you again. （不定式）

Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句）

2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-----介賓

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are

many rocks.

3）雙賓語-----間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some

money.

4. a.橫線畫出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘）

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,

how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the muum on the

left.

⑨ You will find it uful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.

b.橫線畫出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘）

① Plea tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

（五）定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語

或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。

若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時，（如：

something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語

時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。形容詞作定

語：

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）

He is our friend. （代詞）

We belong to the third world. （數詞）

He was advid to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）

The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現在分詞）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分

詞）

I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）

You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）

5. 橫線畫出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘）

① They u Mr, Mrs with the family name.

② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

（六）狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時間、地點、

原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步.狀語在句子中的位置很

靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結構之后，強調時放在句首；修

飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目

的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時

間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）

的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態動詞之后，動詞之前。

The teacher came in,with glass on his no.（注意，此句on

his no不可省略！）

副詞（短語）作狀語：

The boy needs a pen very much./（程度狀語）

The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男

孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）

The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀

語）

The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The

boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語）

介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教

室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）

Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./

在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)

On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./

星期天,教室里沒有學生.(時間狀語)

分詞（短語）作狀語：

He sits there,asking for a pen./

他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態）

Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.

/因為不得不完成作業，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）

Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./

（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）

不定式作狀語：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫

家庭作業。（目的狀語）

To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested

in business./為實現夢想,湯姆變得對商業很有興趣.

名詞作狀語：

Come this way!/走這條路！（方向狀語）

狀語從句：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果

狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語

從句

6. 橫線畫出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘）

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noi upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library becau she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to e the other

machine.

（七）賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。

We elected him monitor. （名詞）

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）

We will make them happy. （形容詞）

We found nobody in. ( 副詞 )

Plea make yourlf at home. 介詞短語）

Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advid him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to

不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （現在分詞）

I’ll have my bike repaired. （過去分詞）

主補：對主語的補充。

He was elected monitor.

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advid to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7. 橫線畫出下列句中的賓語補足語（6分， 6分鐘）

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in

the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you e Li Ming playing football on the playground

just now?

劃分句子成分練習：

1. Our school is not far from my home.

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.

9. They pushed the door open.

10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.

the students think highly of his teaching

13. We need a place twice larger than this one.