云南財經(jīng)大學-英語思辨-復習資料

2023年12月24日發(fā)(作者：綠色草原)

Unit1

Part 1

1. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking

2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of

event bad on how often one thinks of events of that type.

3. An issue simply rais a question.

4. The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the other part is called

the premi.

5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a

heuristic.

Part 2

1. The conclusion of an argument is what the premi suppodly supports

or demonstrates.

2. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than positive

evidence is called a negativity bias.

3. A(n) argument prents a consideration for accepting a claim.

4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know

is the falconnsus effect.

Part 3

1. “President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is an

objective claim. (F)

2. Whether an objective claim is true or fal depends on whether people

think it is true or fal. (F)

3. Critical thinking should include bias or emotions. (F)

4. Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make

mistakes in reasoning. (F)

Part 4

1. Educated guess or rules of thumb are often called heuristics

2. Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical

thinking.

3. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that

apply.) (C, D)

A. To make vi decisions B. To come to correct conclusions

C. To make hasty generalization D. To develop adversary thinking

4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to

bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to.

(D)

A. lf-rving bias B. negativity bias

C. confirmation bias D. belief bias

5. This bias is prent when most members of a group think they are better at something

than most other members of the group. (A)

A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution error

C. Belief bias D. Bandwagon effect

6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate who name you e the

most often is probably the most popular candidate? (B)

A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristic

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C. Majority rules D. Bandwagon effect

Part 5

1. An argument consists of, at minimum, _____B______.

A. a conclusion B. one premi and a conclusion

C. two or more premis and conclusion D. a premi

2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.)

(A, D)

A. To come to correct conclusions

B. To develop adversary thinking

C. To make hasty generalizations

D. To make wi decisions

3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most of her

answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating?

(A)

A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias

4. Charles and his colleague Mike’s children attend class at the same school. Charles

believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior

intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other

hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and

tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of

the following is illustrated in this scenario? (A)

A. In-group bias B. Availability heuristic

C. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias

5. A critical thinker tries to ____B____.

A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate arguments

C. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience

6. After eing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide not to visit the

beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C)

A. In-group bias B. Bandwagon effect

C. Availability heuristic

Part 6

1. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question.

A. Negativity Bias B. Bandwagon effect

C. Fundamental attribution error D. Obedience to authority

2. The method ud to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by

standards of ____B__.

A. informational theory B. logic and common n

C. statistics, history, and rearch

3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)

A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant B. Strong, invalid, and relevant

C. Weak, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant

4.____C_____ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is

morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth.

A. Moral absolutism B. Moral objectivism

C. Moral subjectivism

5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative

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ntence? (A)

A. A claim B. A question C. An exclamation

Unit 2

Part1

1. Every argument must have at least one premi and a conclusion

2. When there is an unstated premi, you should u the context and content to clarify

if the argument is deductive or inductive.

3. When the premis of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound.

4. The more support the premi provides to the conclusion of an inductive argument,

the stronger the argument.

Part2

1. Which of the is an argument? (B)

A. I am a great thinker. B. I think. Therefore I am.

C. I believe that I exist

2. What are the two parts of an argument? (B)

A. Statement and conclusion B. Premi and conclusion

C. Premi and reasoning D. Premi and statement

3. “1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tired this morning. 3)

So, she won’t show up for class.” How would you map this?

A. 1-2-3 B. 2-1-3 C. 3-2-1

4. True or fal: Common n and background knowledge are important components

of critical thinking. (B)

A. Fal B. True

Part 3

1. “The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life in

prison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to make

this into an argument? (A)

A. A conclusion B. A premi

2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow? (C)

A. However B. The reason is C. Conquently

3. Which of the words indicates a premi? (B)

A. Therefore B. Since C. Conquently D. Hence

4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments? (A)

A. Logos B. Pathos C. Ethos

5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is an example of

(A)

A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos

Part 4

1. The conclusion of an argument is also called the ____A___.

A. thesis B. answer C. argument D. premi

2. “Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What is

the unstated premi? (A)

A. All twins have siblings. B. Harold is not an only child.

3. In a deductive argument, the premis ___B_ the conclusion.

A. support B. demonstrate

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4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a

certain decision? (D)

A. Rational Adjudication B. Inference to the Best Explanation

C. Common Sen D. Balance of considerations

5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypothes to find the one with the best

predictive accuracy. (B)

A. Common Sen Explanation

B. Inference to the Best Explanation

C. Balance of Considerations

Part5

1. The first and esntial step in understanding an argument is to ___A____.

A. spot the conclusion B. identify the premi

C. determine whether it is true D. determine whether it is valid

2. A movie can be considered as a/an: (A)

A. none of the options B. conclusion

C. argument D. premi

3. Identify a true statement about premis. (A)

A. They are abnt in a piece of pure rhetoric.

B. All the premis being ud to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly.

C. All the premis being ud to justify a conclusion must be commonly known truths.

D. They are abnt in an argument

4. True or fal: An if…then phra can be considered an argument. A. True

B. Fal

5. In an inductive argument, when the premis do not adequately support the

conclusion, the argument is ____C__.

A. invalid B. unsound C. weak

Part 6

1. An argument is sound ___B__ the argument is valid and the premis

are true.

A. generally when B. if and only if

2. A deductive argument (B)

A. tries to support the conclusion.

B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.

3. When thinking critically, “argument” means (B)

A. a violent conflict B. attempt to support or prove something.

C. a heated exchange

4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow? (A)

A. Accordingly, conquently, therefore

B. Given that, becau, since

C. Accordingly, becau, therefore

D. Hence, given that, becau

5. “I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn’t eat the cake. Further, I don’t like

chocolate. Hence, I skipped desrt.” What word indicated the conclusion? (B)

A. So B. Hence C. Further

Unit3

Part1

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1. A word or phra that has multiple meanings is ambiguous

2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim.

3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term

being defined to apply to it.

4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition.

5. Semantic ambiguity aris when a word or phra has more than one meaning.

Part2

1. When writing an essay, you should strive to be ____A___ in your treatment of the

topic.

A. complete B. biad C. haphazard

2. Identify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.)

A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion.

B. Strongest arguments should be prented first.

C. Every last criticism of one’s position should be refuted, even if space or time is

limited.

D. If an opponent’s argument is good, one should concede that it is good.

3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay pertain to the

issue under discussion? (C)

A. Outlining the essay B. Logical quencing

C. Sticking to the issue

4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essay?

A. Rhetorical flourishes to add interest

B. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions

5. “Secretaries make more money than physicians.” Does this claim suffer from

grouping ambiguity? (A)

A. Yes B. No

6. A good definition strives to be ___C____.

A. Persuasive B. Convincing C. Neutral

Part 3

1. Which of the following is not a vague term? (D)

A. Spicy B. Passionate C. Hot D. 100℃

2. What are some of the emotions that can ari due to a vague claim?

A. Annoyance B. Frustration C. Anger D. All of the above

3. The cret to good writing is ___C___.

A. persuasion B. verbosity C. revision D. ambiguity

4. When an issue is buried within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of

error is committed? (A)

A. Glancing blow B. Knee jerk reaction

5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid? (B)

A. A thesis statement B. A windy preamble

C. A thorough statement of the topic

6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion?

(A)

A. Logical quencing B. Sticking to the issue

Part4

1. “Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity is

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this? (A)

A. Pronoun reference B. No ambiguity

2. A ___D____ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary.

A. precising B. persuasive C. stipulative D. lexical

3. In the ca, the “defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is

this? (C)

A. Rhetorical B. Legal C. Stipulative

4. What is the purpo of rhetorical definitions? (A)

A. Persuade B. Define C. Stipulate

5. A(n) _____C___ refers to giving another word or phra that means the same as the

term being defined.

A. analytical definition B. lexical definition

C. definition by synonym D. definition by example

6. “When I speak of animals, I’m referring to non-human animals.” What type of

definition is this? (C)

A. Lexical B. Analytical C. Precising

Part 5

1. When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type of problem can

ari? (C)

A. Burden of proof B. Lengthy preamble

C. Stream of consciousness

2. What is not a component of an argumentative essay? (A)

A. Emotionally charged claims. B. A rebuttal of counterclaims.

C. A statement of the issue.

3. What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be unclear?

(D)

A. Incorrect word u B. Vague language

C. Intentionally abstru D. All of the above

4. True or fal: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catch proofreading

errors. (A)

A. True B. Fal

5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed a lot.” What type of ambiguity

is this? (B)

A. Grouping B. Pronoun reference C. Modify ambiguity

6. Which is more general? (A)

A. Sue lives in a large blue hou

B. Sue lives in a threestory blue hou.

Unit4

Part1

1. Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we

engage in wishful thinking.

2. Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own obrvations

as a source of truth can be physical or mental.

3. A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.

4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker.

Part2

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1. A source’s experti should be directly related to the issue.

2. A source’s accomplishments are relevant to his or her expertiif they

are related to the question at hand.

3. It is too easy to lo objectivity when one’s interests and concerns are at

stake.

e our hopes and expectations can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their

ability to affect the accuracy of our obrvations.

Part3

1. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or eming more asrtive can often make a

person appear more credible. (T)

2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or it doesn’t.

(F)

3. A claim that “fits” with our background information is likely to be assigned a lower

degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fit as well.

(F)

4. The content of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from.

(F)

Part 4

1. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes ud to judge a person’s credibility.

(Check all that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)

A. Educational qualifications B. Experience

C. Age D. Accent E. Ethnicity

F. Gender G. Mannerisms

2. Beliefs bad on our obrvations are only as good as our____B__

A. Ability to interpret our obrvations. B. Memory.

C. Ability to articulate our obrvations

3. There are two grounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. What are they?

(D)

A. The claim and your own intuition B. The claim and your reaction

C. Common n and the media D. The claim itlf and its source

4. Which of the is not usually an important factor in a source’s credibility?

(A)

A. Appearance B. Reputation C. Position D. Education

5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts? (D)

A. They often lie

B. They do not document asrted facts

C. They don’t prent interesting new

D. They often reflect a political ideology

Part5

1. The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from our obrvations and

from information received from others is our ___C___.

A. experti B. foundational information

C. background knowledge D. intellectual heritage

2. We should be skeptical of a claim itlf when a credibility problem is prented by its

__C____.

A. vagueness B. forceful language C. content

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3. Which of the is the most important factor in considering a web site’s credibility?

(A)

A. Who are the sources behind its information

B. How many people access it daily

C. How long it has been in existence

D. What companies support it with their money

4. Which of the sources is dedicated to fact checking? (C)

A. The Economist B. CNN

C. D. Wall Street Journal

5. Which is true? (B)

A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming with factual errors.

B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting.

C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mistake in reporting.

Part6

1. According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of

three things. Which of the is not one of tho three things?

(D)

A. Other credible claims

B. What we have ourlves obrved

C. Our background information

D. The beliefs of people we like and admire

2. Which of the would probably NOT negatively influence our obrvations and

recollections of an event? (B)

A. Tiredness B. Attention C. Distraction D. Emotions

3. Which one of the professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt

appearance? (B)

A. Politician B. Artist

C. Lawyer D. Doctor

4. Which one of the is not a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a

person? (A)

A. They provide background information

B. They create an initial bias

C. They create fal reputations

D. They cloud possible good judgment

5. Conrvatives accu the news media of having what kind of a slant? A. Moderate

B. Liberal C. Atheist D. Religious

6. What percent of the comments from professional website evaluators are focud on a

website’s visual design? (B)

A. More than 80% B. Less than 20% C. More than 50%

Unit5

Part1

1. A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression ud in place of an

expression that usually has negative associations.

2. A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often

masked with positive phrasing.

3.A stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated, about a

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social group’s attributes.

4.A proofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the

evidence.

Part2

1. A dysphemism is a negative expression ud in place of an expression

that usually carries positive associations.

2. Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggeration

3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear

better or wor than the other.

4. An explanation ud to express and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical

explanation.

Part3

1. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation.

2. The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over again, to drive home

a point.

3. A demagogue us extreme rhetoric and propaganda to argue for fal ideas and

preposterous theories.

4. Rhetoric is ud to persuade while logic is ud to demonstrate a claim or support a

claim.

Part4

1. Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device? (C)

A. Fal dichotomy B. Argumentum ad Baculum

C. Hyperbole D. Slippery Slope

2. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” What type of

definition is this? (A)

A. Rhetorical B. Hyperbole C. Analogy D. Lexical

3. “Andy voted from Senator Abad is becau everyone at the country club supported

Abad and Andy follows the crowd.” What type of rhetorical device is this?

(A)

A. Rhetorical explanation B. Rhetorical definition

C. Ad hominem D. Rhetorical analogy

4. What do we call the power words or expressions that elicit various psychological and

emotive respons? (A)

A. Rhetorical force B. Ethos C. Logos D. Critical force

5. When candidates saturate the airwaves with campaign advertiments, the technique

they are using is known as __A___.

A. Repetition B. Rhetorical analogy

C. In group bias D. Hyperbole

Part5

1. What is a rhetorical device that is a word or phra with either a

positive or negative connotation? (C)

A. Wealer B. Logos C. Slanter D. Bias

2. Which of the is mockery? (C)

A. Pig snort B. Cow tow C. Hor laugh

3. “Who was the most influential compor of the 20th Century? Few experts will say it

was Alban Berg.” What type of rhetorical device is this? (D)

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A. Rhetorical explanation B. Repetition

C. Rhetorical analogy D. Proof surrogate

4. Which rhetorical device insinuates or us the power of suggestion to say something

negative about someone or something? (D)

A. Ad hominem B. Dysphemism C. Perjury D. Innuendo

5. What is the source of the persuasive power of rhetoric? (B)

A. Logic B. Psychology C. Neurophysiology

6. What is a synonym for rhetorical force? (B)

A. Critical thinking B. Emotive meaning C. Logical analysis

Part6

1. True or fal: Stereotypes are all negative. (B)

A. True B. Fal

2. Which of the following is a dysphemism for someone old in age. A. Mature B.

Dinosaur C. Advanced in years D. Elder

3. “I have a mountain of homework to do.” What type of rhetorical device is this?

(A)

A. Hyperbole B. Hor laugh C. Euphemism D. Innuendo

4. “President Obama is just like Abraham Lincoln in his leadership style.” What type of

rhetorical device is this? (D)

A. Rhetorical definition B. Rhetorical explanation

C. Rhetorical comparison D. Rhetorical analogy

5. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” What type of

definition is this? (C)

A. Analogy B. Lexical C. Rhetorical D. Hyperbole

6. Which of the following is a euphemism for overweight? (B)

A. Obe B. Full figured

C. Chunk D. Fatty

Unit6

Part1

1. Mistakes in reasoning are called fallacies.

2. An argument that is supported by appeals to personal feelings is called an appeal to

emotion

3. Argumentum ad hominem translates as argument to the person

4. A straw man fallacy occurs when a writer attempts to dismiss an argument by

distorting or misreprenting it.

5. The fallacy that plays on someone’s fear of being an outcast is known as the peer

pressure fallacy.

6. The perfectionist fallacy forces a person to choo between faultless or nothing.

ng to acknowledge a fact becau it is unpleasant is known as denial.

8. Wishful thinking occurs when we forget that wanting something to be true doesn’t

make it true.

Part2

1. What type of fallacy is committed when the argument is not related to the issue at

hand? (C)

A. Pertinent fallacy B. Common fallacy

C. Relevance fallacy D. Rhetorical fallacy

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2. “Why are you telling me to quit smoking? You ud to smoke 2 packs a day.” What

type of fallacy is reprented? (A)

A. Relevance fallacy B. Double standard fallacy

C. Doublespeak fallacy D. Why me? fallacy

3. This is a mistake in reasoning or an argument that doesn’t support or prove what it is

trying to support or prove. (C)

A. Problem B. Connotation C. Fallacy

4. What kind of fallacy is an ad hominem in advance? (A)

A. Poisoning the well B. Guilt by association

C. Circumstantial D. Genetic

5. Which of the following is not a type of fal dilemma? (C)

A. Line-drawing fallacy B. Perfectionist fallacy

C. Ad hominem

Part3

1. “I am swamped with my other class and I work full time.

Therefore, I think that this class is too hard for me.” What type of fallacy is reprented?

(C)

A. Slippery slope B. Misplaced burden of proof

C. Irrelevant conclusion D. Straw man

2. True or fal: In logic, begging the question means to rai a question.

(B)

A. True B. Fal

3. Into which category of fallacy does an appeal to ignorance fall? D

A. Ad hominem B. Appeal to misplaced proof

C. Fal dilemma D. Misplaced burden of proof

4. “I don’t agree with putting God back into policymaking. That idea originated with the

Tea Party and I want nothing to do with that group.” What type of fallacy is reprented?

(A)

A. Genetic B. Historical

C. Straw man D. Et tu

5. “You don’t believe in labor unions? Well, the Nazis also outlawed labor unions. What

does that tell you?” What type of fallacy is reprented? (D)

A. Scare tactics B. Straw man

C. Fal dilemma D. Guilt by association

Part4

1. A picture of a forest fire along with an advertiment for

homeowners insurance is what type of fallacious reasoning? (C)

A. Argument from outrage B. Perfectionist fallacy

C. Scare tactic D. Fal dilemma

2. “How could that poor gentleman, stuck in a wheelchair for the rest of his life, be

guilty of embezzlement?” What type of fallacy is reprented?

(C)

A. Appeal to force B. Peer pressure

C. Appeal to pity D. Straw man

3. This fallacy occurs when the listener is tricked into thinking that he or she has to

prove the opponent wrong. (B)

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A. Begging the question B. Misplaced burden of proof

C. Appeal to authority D. Poor plausibility

4. You commit this fallacy when you try to establish your point by pretending that it is

the only alternative to something much wor.

A. Caveat emptor B. Straw man

C. Fal dilemma D. Straw alternatives

5. In this fallacy, a person refutes a claim bad on its origin or history.

A. Straw man B. Poisoning the well

C. Genetic fallacy D. Personal attack

Part5

1. What type of fallacy assumes we should believe a claim if it hasn’t

been proved fal? (A)

A. Appeal to ignorance B. Appeal to falhood

C. Appeal to nobody

2. This argumentum ad hominem occurs when a speaker tries to persuade you to dismiss

an argument by telling us that someone we don’t like also holds that belief.

(C)

A. Poisoning the well B. Slippery slope

C. Guilt by association D. Fal dilemma

3. This fallacy occurs when a person assumes that either a definitive line can be drawn

between two things or that no line can be drawn at all. (B)

A. Line-building B. Line-drawing

C. Slippery Slope

4. News anchor:” The president is about to give a speech on foreign policy. Keep in

mind that under this administration, international trade has plummeted. Now let’s hear

the speech.” What type of fallacy is reprented? (C)

A. Argument from anger B. Argument from pity

C. Poisoning the well D. Slippery Slope

5. This fallacy is aptly named becau it is easy to knock down. (A)

A. Straw man B. Cloud argument

C. Huff and puff D. Stick man

Part6

1. When a writer tries to convince us of something bad on our sympathies rather than

on an argument, what type of fallacy is this?

A. Ad hominem B. Appeal to pity

C. Appeal to softness D. Line drawing

2. This type of fallacy plays upon feelings rather than providing a logical argument.

(C)

A. Appeals to logos B. Appeals to ethos

C. Appeals to emotions

3. What fallacy is committed when you dismiss someone’s argument by dismissing the

speaker rather than the argument itlf. (B)

A. Ad populum B. Ad hominem

C. Ad miricordium D. Straw man

4. In what type of fallacy do the premis fail to connect in any logical way to the

conclusion? (D)

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A. Fal dichotomy B. Appeal to confusion

C. Ad baculum D. Irrelevant conclusion

5. What kind of fallacy is an ad hominem in advance? (A)

A. Poisoning the well B. Guilt by association

C. Circumstantial D. Genetic

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