四級(jí)題what is your dog thinking

2023年12月24日發(fā)(作者：親朋打旋)

四級(jí)題what is your dog thinking

Your companion dog is asleep next to you, but is she

dreaming about you? Does she feel guilty about stealing

your steak off the kitchen counter for dinner? What was she

trying to say with that annoying bark? Does she like

watching TV?

After decades of rearch, neuroscientists have begun

to answer the questions, giving us access to the once-cret inner lives of our canine companions and even

translating their barks and waggles so humans can

understand them.

At the forefront of this effort is behaviourist Stanley

Coren of the University of British Columbia, who has ud

decades of rearch to explore the psychological

motivations behind dogs' everyday behavior, as well as what

science has to say about their barking, thoughts and

dreams.

Do dogs have the same emotions as humans?

Dogs have the same brain structure that produces

emotions as humans. They share the same hormones and

undergo the same chemical changes as humans in their

emotional state. Dogs even have the hormone oxytocin, which

in humans is associated with love and affection. So it

ems reasonable to think that dogs have emotions similar

to ours. However, it is important not to overdo it: a dog's

mind is roughly equivalent to that of a 2 to 2 1/2 year old

human. A child of an age obviously has emotions, but not

all possible emotions, as many appear in later adulthood.

Dogs go through developmental stages more quickly than

humans, reaching their full emotional range between four

and six months of age. Just like human toddlers, dogs have

basic emotions: joy, fear, anger, disgust, excitement,

satisfaction, pain, and even love. However, dogs do not and

do not develop more complex emotions such as guilt, pride,

contempt and shame.

You may argue that your dog has shown evidence of

guilt. In the usual scenario, you come home, your dog

starts squinting around and acting uncomfortable, and you

find it in smelly brown diment on the kitchen floor. It

is natural to conclude that the dog's be shows guilt for

its transgressions. However, this is just the more basic

emotion of fear. Dogs have learned that bad things will

happen to them when you show up and their feces are visible

on the floor. What you e is the dog's fear of punishment;

He will never feel guilty. And he'll never be ashamed, so

feel free to dress him up in that ridiculous party costume.

Why do dogs prefer HDTVS

Most dogs have little interest in regular television

ts becau of their visual ability. In its simplest form,

the movement en on a TV screen is simply the pattern of

light changes on the retina in our eyes. The average person

can't e any flicker more than 55 cycles per cond (55

Hz). But beagles flicker at 75 Hz, about 50 percent faster

than humans, suggesting that dogs perceive motion better

than humans.

The television image flashes at about 60 Hz. Since this

is higher than a human's 55 Hz flicker resolution

capability, the images are continuous to us and can be

blended together smoothly.

Since dogs can par flickers at 75 Hz, the image on

the TV screen may em less realistic and less noteworthy.

However, becau high-resolution digital screens refresh at

a much higher rate, there are more and more reports of dogs

who are very interested in new technology HDTV when nature

programming includes images of animals moving.

Do dogs dream?

Many people think dogs have dreams. Most dog owners

have noticed that at different times during sleep, some

dogs may tremble, twitch a leg, or even growl or snap sleep

to create phanomes that give the impression they are

dreaming about something. On a structural level, the dog

brain is similar to the human brain. Moreover, during

sleep, dogs' brain wave patterns are similar to tho of

humans, and they show the same phas of electrical

activity obrved in humans -- all consistent with the idea

that dogs are dreaming.

In fact, it would be surprising if dogs didn't dream,

since recent evidence suggests that animals are simpler and

less intelligent than dogs and em to do so. Matthew

Wilson and Kenway Louie, neuroscientists at THE

Massachutts Institute of Technology, have evidence that

the brains of sleeping mice suggest dreaming in an

irresistible way. Most of your dreams at night relate to

the activities you were doing that day. So do rats, it

ems. So a rat that runs a maze during the day might dream

at night.

From studying electrical recordings of the rat

hippocampus (a brain region associated with memory

formation and storage) when the rats were awake and

learning mazes, Wilson and Louie found that some electrical

patterns were very specific and recognizable, depending on

what the rats were doing. Later, when the mice were asleep

and their brain waves indicated they had entered the stage

where humans typically dream, the same electrical

patterns appeared. The patterns were so clear and specific

that the rearchers were able to tell where the rat would

be in the maze if it were awake, and whether it was moving

or stationary.

Since dog brains are more complex than mou brains and

show the same electrical quences, it is reasonable to

assume that dogs also dream. There is also evidence that

they dream of common dog activities. The human brain stem

contains a special structure, called the pons, that

prevents us from achieving our dreams. When scientists

removed or inactivated the same part of the dog's brain,

they obrved the dogs start moving around, even though

electrical recordings of the dogs' brains showed they were

still sleeping fast. It is only when the brain enters the

sleep pha associated with dreaming that the animals begin

to move. In the dream, the dogs actually began to perform

the actions they had performed in the dream. For example, a

dreaming pointer might immediately start a arch game, a

sleeping Springer might scour an imaginary bird, and a

dreaming Doberman might choo to fight a dream thief.

It's a strange fact that puppies have more dreams than

big dogs. A dog as small as a toy poodle may dream every 10

minutes, while a large dog such as a mastiff or Great Dane

may have about an hour between dreams. Big dogs, on the

other hand, have dreams that last longer.

Can dogs smile?

In most people's minds, the equivalent of a dog's smile

is when he wags his tail. But there is actually a canine

facial expression that is clo to what we call a smile in

humans. In this expression, the slightly open jaw reveals

the dog's tongue slapping against his front teeth. Usually,

the eyes take on the shape of teardrops at the same time,

as if being pulled slightly upwards at the outer corners.

This is a casual expression that is usually en when dogs

are relaxing, playing or interacting socially, especially

with humans. Once any anxiety or stress is introduced, the

dog's mouth will clo and you will never e the tongue

again.

Dogs can also laugh, and they usually do so while

playing. Dog laughter begins with a dog smile, but also

includes a sound much like panting. Patricia Simonet, an

animal behaviorist at Sierra Nevada College in Lake Tahoe,

recorded the sounds a few years ago as dogs played. When

analyzing the recordings, she found that they covered a

wider range of frequencies than normal dog panting. In one

experiment, Simonet noticed that puppies felt happy when

they heard recordings of the sounds. In another ca, she

was able to demonstrate that tho same sounds helped calm

dogs in animal shelters.