新標準大學英語第二版綜合教程4課后翻譯

2024年2月19日發(作者：元宵歌)

Unit 1

英譯漢

Google has spent years analyzing who succeeds at the company. They have moved away from a

focus on GPAs, brand-name schools, and interview brain tears (智力測驗題). Google's Senior

Vice President of People Operations, Laszlo Bock, suggests that credentials are no longer sufficient

for success. Bock points out that graduates of top schools can lack intellectual humility and that

succeeding in academia isn't always a sign of being able to do a job. Successful bright young

graduates rarely experience failure, and they find that their academic careers have not prepared

them to fail gracefully in the real world. Google recognizes the importance of intellectual humility

in its applicants. The company looks for the ability to step back and embrace other people's ideas

when tho ideas are better. Bock says the No. 1 thing he is looking for is general cognitive ability.

It is learning ability. It is the ability to process information on the fly.

谷歌公司就什么人能在該公司取得成功這個問題做了多年的研究，研究關注的焦點不再是績點、名牌大學、面試智力測驗題。谷歌人力運營部高級副總裁拉斯洛 ? 博克認為，想取得成功，只擁有學歷證書是不夠的。博克指出，頂尖高校的畢業生可能缺少智力上的謙遜，并且學業上的成功并不意味著工作能力強。聰明的年輕學霸畢業生很少經歷失敗，他們會發現，在現實生活中，學業生涯并沒有使自己做好大方接受失敗的準備。谷歌認識到應聘者具有智力上的謙遜是十分重要的，他們所尋找的是一種能退一步思考、接受別人更好想法的能力。博克說他想尋找的首要素質就是常規的認知能力。那是一種學習的能力，是在繁忙的工作中處理信息的能力。

漢譯英

“創客”指勇于創新，努力將自己的創意變為現實的人。這個詞譯自英文單詞 maker，源于美國麻省理工學院（Massachutts Institute of Technology） 微觀裝配實驗室（fabrication

laboratory） 的課題。該課題以客戶為中心，以創新為理念，由個人設計、制造滿足個人需要的智能設備，參與該課題的學生即“創客”。在中國，“創客”特指具有創新理念、自主創業的人。中國的“創客”即包括發明新設備的科技達人，也包括軟件開發者、藝術家、設計師等諸多領域的優秀代表。

Chuangke is a term that refers to innovative people who make an effort to turn their cuttingedge

ideas into reality. The term is translated from the English word maker, which is derived from the

fabrication laboratory project of the Massachutts Institute of Technology in the US. It is a

consumer-centred project, emphasizing innovation and designed to empower individuals to

develop and produce smart devices to suit personal needs. The students participating in the project

are called "makers". In China, Chuangke refers to tho who start their own business with

innovative ideas. Chine makers include tech-savvy people who dedicate themlves to creating

new devices and distinguished innovators in various fields, such as software developers, artists and

designers.

Unit 2

英譯漢

E-books have changed the way we read, in ways both good and bad. On the plus side, people are

reading more books. Amazon's Kindle e-reader and the Google Book Search rvice have now

made a huge number of books available. According to data from Amazon, the convenience of

access offered by the Kindle has resulted in urs buying significantly more books than they did

before owning the device. However, although people are reading more, they may be doing so with

less focus. Amazon has relead a version of the Kindle app for reading its e-books on an iPhone,

which means it will be much easier for readers to be distracted from their e-books as they switch

to surfing the Internet and checking email and social media updates. As people read with less

attention, they will no longer find themlves immerd in their books — one of the great joys of

reading.

電子書改變了我們的閱讀方式，這種改變既有好的一面也有壞的一面。從好的方面說，人們現在讀書的量在增多。隨著亞馬遜 Kindle 電子閱讀器和谷歌圖書搜索服務的出現，人們現在可以讀到海量的圖書。亞馬遜的數據表明，Kindle用戶在擁有Kindle電子閱讀器之后購書量顯著上升，因為用Kindle購書更加便捷了。雖然人們的讀書量在增多，但讀書專注度卻在下降。亞馬遜發布了一款Kindle 應用程序供人們在蘋果手機上閱讀Kindle電子書，這意味著讀者看電子書時更容易分心了，因為他們會時不時地刷一下網頁、查看一下郵件或社交平臺的最新動態。隨著人們讀書注意力的下降，他們很難再體會到讀書的一個最大的樂趣——完全沉浸在書籍的海洋中。

漢譯英

每年在“世界讀書日”這一天（4月23日），中國各地都會舉辦“全民閱讀，書香中國”的活動，旨在培養全民閱讀的風氣（ethos），讓更多的人知道閱讀不只是知識分子、學生的功課，而且是每個人生活方式的一部分。閱讀對個人成長的影響是巨大的，一個民族的精神境界在很大程度上也取決于全民的閱讀水平。從2014年開始，“全民閱讀”連續三年都被寫入了中國政府工作報告，因為讀書不僅會增強創新力量，而且會增強社會的道德力量

Every year on World Book Day (April 23), activities on "Nationwide Reading, Intellectual China" are

organized all over China, to cultivate the ethos of reading in the country and spread the awareness

that reading should not only be for students and intellectuals, but be part of everyone's way of life.

Reading has much to do with personal growth, and the spiritual level of a nation largely depends

on the reading performance of its people. Starting from 2014, for three concutive years "nation-wide reading" has been included in the Report on the Work of the Government in China, for reading

is conducive not only to innovation but also to the moral n of society.

Unit 3

英譯漢

No history of fashion in the years 1960 to 2010 can overlook or underestimate two constant factors:

the ubiquitous jeans and the ri and fall of hemlines for women's skirts and dress. Denim, the

material which jeans are made of, was known in France in the late 16th century. In the late 1950s,

jeans were bought and worn with huge enthusiasm by young American people and recognized as

a symbol of a youthful, informal way of life. Through the baptism of the hippie movement and the

punk period, and through a rising and falling economy, different styles, colours and fabrics have

been combined into the enduring jeans, an ever-prent part of fashion culture. As to the cond

constant factor, it has often been noted that there is also a preci correlation, with only a few

exceptions, between the length of women's skirts and the economy. As the stock market ris, so

do hemlines, and when it falls, so do they. Exactly why women should want to expo more or less

of their legs during periods of economic boom and bust remains a mystery.

1960 至 2010年間的時裝史存在兩個不可忽略或不可低估的不變因素：一是無處不在的牛

仔褲，二是女裝裙擺長度的變化。牛仔褲是用粗斜紋布做的，早在16世紀末法國就有了這種布料。從20世紀 50年代后期開始，美國年輕人對牛仔褲趨之若鶩，視其為年輕隨意的生活方式的象征。經過嬉皮士時代、朋克時代的洗禮以及經濟起伏波蕩的影響，牛仔褲經久不衰，不僅被融入了不同的款式、顏色與面料，而且一直被視為是時尚文化一部分。至于第二個不變因素，人們時常會注意到，女人的裙擺和經濟之間也存在一種頗為精確的關聯性，且鮮有例外。股市升時裙擺也跟著提高；股市跌時裙擺就跟著降低。在經濟繁榮和蕭條時期女性到底為什么要多暴露或少暴露雙腿至今仍然是個謎。

漢譯英

中國的服裝產業需要規范化，中國的服裝設計需要創新，中國的元素需要品牌化。我們應該努力超越西方的服裝風格，同時打破東方的傳統觀念，創造出屬于中國的風格。這種風格，既不是迎合（cater to）歐美的時尚品味，也不是簡單地通過應用純中國的元素而達到民族復興（renaissance） 的目的。這種風格，是將具有東方風格的各種因素有機地結合在一起的同時，巧妙地融入西式服裝的特征。它是中國傳統文化與世界多元文化的一種融合。

There is a need to standardize the clothing industry in China. There should be more innovations in

Chine fashion design. Chine elements in fashion design should have their own brands. While

we are trying our best to transcend Western fashion styles, we should also try to break through

the traditional Eastern concepts, eventually creating a style that can be called Chine. Such a

Chine style neither caters to Western fashion tastes nor simply utilizes pure Chine elements to

achieve a national renaissance. Rather, this style features an organic combination of various

Eastern elements, skillfully infud at the same time with the features of Western clothes. It is a

merging of traditional Chine culture and multiple world cultures.

Unit 4

英譯漢

A garage sale (called "yard sale" in the US) is an informal event where people get rid of unwanted

houhold items such as furniture, clothes, book, toys etc by lling them. The goods are usually

sold from the hou, but placed in the garage or the yard for the privacy of the houholder and

the convenience of the buyers. Garage sales, being informal, are mostly unregulated, so that the

llers do not need to obtain business licens or collect sales tax, though a permit may be

necessary in some places. Garage sales usually attract a great deal of interest from local residents,

becau it is possible to obtain items in good condition for low prices. For this reason, someone

who is holding a garage sale needs to be prepared to get up early on the day of the sale, to deal

with the many bargain-hunters who will be arriving early to buy up the best items

車庫甩賣（在美國也稱院子甩賣）是指人們出售不再需要的家居物品的非正式活動，比如家具、衣物、書籍、玩具等。出售地點通常是在家中，但出于隱私考慮，也為了更方便買家，物品會擺放在車庫中或院子里。因為是非正式的，車庫甩賣絕大部分是不受政府管制的，所以賣貨者無須獲取營業執照，也不用收消費稅，只有一些地區需要一個許可證。車庫甩賣通常會吸引大批的當地居民，因為他們有可能淘到物美價廉的用品。正因為如此，賣家需要在甩賣當天做好早起的準備，來應對許多早早前來搜羅便宜貨、大買一番的買主。

漢譯英

近年來，中國市場經濟的發展使我國科學技術、生產力水平大幅度提高，社會文化事業大力發展，綜合國力不斷增強。市場經濟在提高人民群眾生活水平，實現共同富裕的目標中發揮著巨大作用。與改革開放之初相比，中國人的消費習慣和生活方式已發生質的變化，溫飽型的消費模式已逐漸被享受型的消費模式所取代，中國已進入（usher in）消費時代。人們對物質財富的追求反過來也大力推動了經濟和社會的發展。

In recent years, with the development of the market economy in China, the level of development

of our socio-cultural enterpris, as well as our science and technology and our productivity, has

greatly incread, thus strengthening overall national power. The market economy also plays an

enormous role in improving people's living standards and in fulfilling the goal of common

prosperity. Compared with the early days of reform and opening up, substantial changes have

taken place in Chine people's spending habits and lifestyles, with consumption of basic food and

clothing transformed gradually to consumption for pleasure, ushering in the consumption era. In

turn, the pursuit of material wealth has also contributed tremendously to economic and social

development.

Unit 5

英譯漢

The feminist movement has changed the way people u English, which now tends towards the

u of non-xist and gender-inclusive language (中性語言). For example, it is now common to

refer to a woman as "Ms", as this title, unlike "Mrs" or "Miss", does not indicate her marital status.

Similarly, "humanity" is ud instead of "mankind", and "he or she" is ud in place of "he" when

the gender of a person is unknown. Some writers, especially academics, have even taken to using

"she" instead of "he" in an effort to counter the perceived xism of the traditional u of the

masculine pronoun. Likewi, words such as "businessman" and "chairman" have become

problematic becau of the suffix -man; the are often replaced with "businessperson" and

"chairperson". Interestingly, in North America, a male or female student in their first year at

university is still usually referred to as a "freshman", the propod alternative "freshwoman" for

female students being yet to receive widespread acceptance.

女權主義運動改變了人們使用英語的方式，它倡導使用非性別歧視語言和中性語言。例如，現在人們通常用Ms（女士）來稱呼女性，因為與Mrs（夫人）或Miss（小姐）不同，用Ms可以避免提及她的婚姻狀況。同樣地，表示“人類”時，用 humanity（人）而不是 mankind（人類；男人）；當所指的人性別不明時，用“他或她”而不是“他”。一些作家，特別是在學術界，甚至開始用“她”來取代“他”，以此來消除一直以來陽性代詞的使用所附帶的性別歧視意味。同樣地，使用那些用-man做后綴的詞語，比如businessman（商人）和chairman（主席），也會出現一些問題，所以它們常常被businessperson和chairperson所取代。但有意思的是，在北美，通常大一新生不論男女都仍會被稱作freshman，雖然有人提議用freshwoman來指代大一女生，但這一用法還沒有得到廣泛的接納。

漢譯英

在中國，隨著女性社會地位和教育程度的不斷提高，越來越多的女性進入了高科技領域。一批杰出的女科學家脫穎而出，她們以自己的聰明才智和對科學的熱愛，在各個科技領域贏得了驕人的成績，成為我國社會進步和經濟發展的一支重要力量。2015 年，中國女藥學家屠呦呦榮獲“諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎”，實現了我國自然科學領域諾貝爾獎零的突破，大幅提升了我國科學研究的國際影響力。

In China, with the increasing improvement of women's social status and education level, more and

more women are entering the field of high technology. A number of remarkable women scientists

have distinguished themlves in every scientific field and made extraordinary achievements with

their intelligence, ingenuity and love of science, acting as an important force in the social and

economic development of China. In 2015, the Chine woman pharmacologist Tu Youyou won the

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Being the first winner from our country of that prize in the

field of natural science, she has greatly extended the influence of Chine scientific rearch in the

international community.

Unit 6

英譯漢

Herodotus (希羅多德), a 5th-century BC Greek historian, called "the father of history", is

considered the first genuine historian in the Western tradition. This is becau he was the first

known historian to lect his materials from veral different sources, and to compare them and

arrange them into a coherent historiographic narrative (歷史學敘述). TheHistories — the only

work he is known to have produced — concerns the origins of the Persian Wars (波斯戰爭), and

includes a wealth of geographical and ethnographical (人種志的) information. Ironically enough,

he was once known by earlier scholars as the "father of lies", becau despite his unusually modern

approach to historiography, he also included distracting folk tales and unusual stories in his work.

Modern scholars are more appreciative and consider him to be a pioneer in historiography,

anthropology and ethnography becau of the information he gathered on his numerous journeys.

希羅多德是公元前5世紀的希臘歷史學家，被稱為“歷史學之父”，在西方傳統中，他被認為是第一個真正的歷史學家，因為在已知的歷史學家中，他是第一個從各種各樣的素材中篩選自己的材料，并通過比較、整理形成完整連貫的歷史學敘述。《歷史》一書是他已知的唯一著作，這部著作記錄了波斯戰爭的起源，包含了大量地理和人種志方面的資料。具有諷刺意味的是，早期的學者們曾稱他為“謊言之父”，因為盡管他研究歷史的方法很先進，但他會在自己的歷史記載中摻入神話和傳奇故事。他在游歷各地時收集到的各種史料讓當今的學者對他贊賞備至，認為他是研究歷史學、考古學和人種志的先驅。

漢譯英

中國古代的史官（historiographer）制度，起源很早。有證據表明，至少在商代，我國已出現了史官和官方記事制度。早期史官記載雖然只是一種簡單的史實記錄，而非嚴格意義上的史學，卻為后人研究古史留下了重要的文獻資料。應當指出，在古代，這類官方記事制度并非中國所獨有，但只有中國古代的史官制度一直沿用下來。就其本意而言，這種史官記事制度不僅在于系統記載和保存文獻史料，實際上還負有監督最高統治者的責任。

Historiography in China can date back to very ancient times. There is evidence that, as early as the

Shang Dynasty, historiographers and the official recording of events had become institutionalized.

Although the early historiographers made very simple records of historical events, not

historiography in the strict n, they left important historical documents and information for

later generations in studying ancient history. It should be pointed out that in ancient times, the

institution of such official recording of events was not unique to China, but only in China was it

prerved for veral thousand years. As for its initial purpo, historiographers recorded events

not only to systematically record and prerve historical documents and materials, but to supervi

the highest rulers.

Unit 7

英譯漢

The skyscraper has its origins in America in the late 19th century, and is associated especially with

the cities of New York and Chicago. Economic development after the Civil War incread urban

land prices in major US cities. This, in conjunction with new technological developments such as

iron frames and deep foundations, rapidly encouraged the building of taller structures. In the

interwar years, skyscrapers were a feature of nearly all major US cities, and buildings such as the

Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building (克萊斯勒大廈) became icons of American

modernity. Indeed, the Empire State Building, completed in 1931, was the tallest building in the

world for almost 40 years. Today, modernity is exemplified by the great megacities of Asia, which

are inconceivable without the skyscraper. Of the 20 cities in the world with the most skyscrapers,

16 are located in Asia — with New York and Chicago, the original homes of the skyscraper, being

the only American cities still in that list.

摩天大樓的起源可以追溯到19世紀末的美國，主要與紐約和芝加哥這兩個城市相關。內戰后美國經濟得到發展，一些大城市的地價上漲，建造諸如鑄鐵框架和深層地基的新技術發展起來，這些都大大促進了高層建筑的出現。在兩次世界大戰期間，摩天大樓幾乎成為了美國所有大城市的一大特色，帝國大廈和克萊斯勒大廈成為美國現代化的標志。的確，1931年竣工的帝國大廈，是蟬聯近40年的“世界最高建筑”。今天，亞洲的超級大城市是現代化的典型象征，如果沒有摩天大樓，這樣的大都市是不可想象的。世界上摩天大樓數量最多的20個城市中，有16個在亞洲——當初摩天大樓的發源地紐約和芝加哥是其中僅存的美國城市。

漢譯英

中國現代公園的景觀設計在繼承傳統的基礎上逐步有所創新，在許多方面努力實現把現代休閑生活的需求與傳統的園林藝術形式相結合。就山（rockeries） 水（ponds） 創作而言，中國自然山水園的藝術傳統得到了發揚，景色主體是山水，因山就水布置各種建筑和花草樹木。就園林建筑而言，力求把建筑與自然融為一體，同時引用了現代的建筑藝術手法、材料和施工技術，涌現了大批神似傳統形式的現代園林建筑。

While still honouring tradition, landscape design in modern Chine parks is on its way towards

gradual innovation. Designers try in many ways to combine the needs of modern leisure with the

traditional artistic forms of the garden. In the design of rockeries and ponds, the artistic legacy of

Chine mountain and water gardens is highlighted. The central part of the garden is constituted

by rock structures and ponds, around which are buildings intersperd with trees and flowers.

Garden buildings are arranged in a way that merges man-made structures and nature into a

harmonious whole. Meanwhile, modern artistic architectural styles, materials and construction

techniques are ud to create a large number of modern garden buildings that cloly remble

traditional ones in spirit.

Unit 8

英譯漢

American astronaut Neil Alden Armstrong will be forever famous as the first person to t foot on

the moon, a feat he accomplished as commander of Apollo 11 on 21 July 1969. On his descent to

the lunar surface at 2:56 UTC (世界標準時間), he spoke the immortal words: "That's one step for

a man, one giant leap for mankind." The young Armstrong was trained as an aeronautical engineer,

and was required under the terms of his agreement with the US government to spend time as an

aviator with the US Navy. He later became one of the nation's top test pilots, flying experimental

aircraft such as the X-15, in which he reached an altitude of about 63 kilometres and a speed of

Mach 5.74. He became an astronaut in the Gemini programme (雙子星計劃), and was commander

of Gemini 8 in 1966. As commander of Apollo 11, he was joined on the lunar surface by Buzz Aldrin,

while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command module. Armstrong and Aldrin spent

some two and a half hours on the moon, during which time they collected samples of lunar rocks

and soil and planted an American flag.

1969年7月21日，擔任“阿波羅11號”指令長的美國宇航員尼爾?奧爾登?阿姆斯特朗完成了一項壯舉——成為了登上月球的第一人，他將為此永遠被世人銘記。在世界標準時間2點56分，阿姆斯特朗踏上月球表面，并說了那句不朽的名言：“這是一個人的一小步，卻是人類的一大步。”年輕時的阿姆斯特朗曾受訓成為航空工程師，依照同美國政府簽下的協議，他在海軍服役了一段時間，擔任飛行員。隨后，作為國家頂級試飛員之一，他駕駛X-15試驗機達到了約63,000米的高度，5.74馬赫的速度。他加入了雙子星計劃，成為了一名宇航員，并于1966年擔任"雙子星8號"的指令長。作為"阿波羅11號"的指令長，他與巴茲?奧爾德林一同登上月球表面，而邁克爾?科林斯則留在指揮艙里，在月球軌道上繞行。阿姆斯特朗和奧爾德林在月球上呆了大約兩個半小時，他們采集了一些月球巖石和土壤的樣本并在月球上插了一面美國國旗。

漢譯英

南極洲位于地球的最南端，自19世紀人類發現南極洲以來，這塊神秘的大陸無時不在吸引著人類的目光。進入20世紀后，南極洲以其重要的戰略價值，吸引了眾多的國家派人前往考察。中國政府也積極加入到南極考察的行列中來，至今已組織了30余次南極科考活動，并在南極建立了科學考察站。中國進行南極考察不僅具有重要的戰略和經濟意義，而且也帶來了積極的社會影響。

The continent of Antarctica is located at the southernmost part of the earth. This mysterious

continent has captured the world's imagination since it was discovered in the 19th century. In the

20th century, many countries nt people there for scientific expeditions, attracted by the

important strategic significance of Antarctica. The Chine government has also joined the ranks

of Antarctic scientific expedition, having organized more than 30 expeditions. Chine scientific

rearch bas have also been established in Antarctica. China's expedition to Antarctica is not only

of strong strategic and economic significance, but also has a positive social impact.