德謨克里特和留基波哲學(xué)殘篇

2024年3月6日發(fā)(作者：疲憊不堪的近義詞)

原子論者：留基波與德謨克利特

1.

留基波與德謨克利特持有的觀點(diǎn)：事物的基本元素有充滿的與真空的兩種。他們稱其為存在與否定存在。存在是充滿的與實(shí)心的，否定存在是真空的與稀薄的。因?yàn)檎婵詹⒉槐任矬w少，所以否定存在并不比存在少。這兩者混合在一起，組成了事物。他們說，事物之變更在于某一事物產(chǎn)生其他事物，他們假設(shè)，稀薄與聚合是變更的起源。他們說，原子的不同是有其他事物的原因。他們聲稱這些不同在于：三維外形，排列，位置。不同在于：節(jié)奏，接觸，旋轉(zhuǎn)。即節(jié)奏是外形，接觸是排列，旋轉(zhuǎn)是位置。即A與N的外形不同，AN與NA的排列不同，I與H的位置不同。

2.

德謨克利特將空間說成是真空，什么都沒有與無限的。他認(rèn)為原子太小了，以至于混淆了我們的感官，但是這些原子是各種各樣的，有不同的外形與尺寸。

3.

他們說，第一基本原則在數(shù)量上是無限的，他們認(rèn)為那些所謂的第一基本原則是，不可分割的原子，他們的內(nèi)部沒有真空。

4.

留基波認(rèn)為，世界的整體是無限的，他的一部分是充滿的，一部分是真空的。世界的形成如下：許多物體由無限中分割出來，進(jìn)入真空中；他們一起出來，并旋轉(zhuǎn)著，其內(nèi)部互相碰撞著，形成了各種各樣的形態(tài)，然后開始分離。但是當(dāng)他們大量形成后，因要保持平衡而不再旋轉(zhuǎn)，他們中好的就進(jìn)第 1 頁

入了真空中，而余下的互相忍受在一起，互相纏繞在一起，將運(yùn)動合成在一起而形成一個(gè)球形結(jié)構(gòu)。這一結(jié)構(gòu)就像薄膜包圍著其內(nèi)部的實(shí)體，當(dāng)他們旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，因?yàn)橹行牡牡挚梗鈬谋∧ぷ兊酶×耍R近的原子因要協(xié)調(diào)于旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不斷地流動到一起。所以大地由此形成，在中心產(chǎn)生的原子纏繞在一起。附著在結(jié)構(gòu)上的實(shí)體，最先是潮濕的，而隨著其不斷地旋轉(zhuǎn)，其變得干燥，然后點(diǎn)燃了天空中的物體。

5.

德謨克利特持有與留基波相同觀點(diǎn)關(guān)于：元素，充滿與真空的。他說道，事物在真空中持續(xù)地運(yùn)動著，有數(shù)量不可數(shù)的世界，在尺寸上是彼此不同的。

6.

7.

每件事根據(jù)需要而發(fā)生，因?yàn)樗惺挛镌谛D(zhuǎn)中生成的原因。

沒有什么事物是隨機(jī)發(fā)生的，每件事都因?yàn)榘l(fā)生的需要而有其原因。

8.

當(dāng)?shù)轮兛死卣f，旋轉(zhuǎn)由世界整體分離開來，形成各個(gè)形態(tài)，他沒有說其是怎樣與通過什么原因而造成的，他看上去認(rèn)為其產(chǎn)生是偶然的。

9.

德謨克利特由尺寸來區(qū)分，重的與輕的。他說好的東西是輕的。

10.

德與留說，他們的身體在真空中不停地運(yùn)動著。他們應(yīng)該區(qū)分這是什么種類的運(yùn)動。

The atomists: Leucippus and Democritus

1.

Leucippus and his associate Democritus hold that the

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elements are the full and the void; they call them being

and not-being respectively. Being is full and solid,

not-being is void and rare. Since the void exists no less

than body, it follows that not-being exists no less than

being. The tow together are the material caus of

existing things. And just as tho who make the

underlying substance one generate other things by its

modifications, and postulate rarefaction and

condensation as the origin of such modifications, in

the same way the men too say the differences in

atoms are the caus of other things. They hold that

the differences are three-shape, arrangement, and

position; being, they say, differs only in “rhythm,

touching, and turning”, of which rhythm is shape,

touching is arrangement and turning is position: for A

differs from N in shape, AN from NA in arrangement,

and I from H in position.(Aristotle, Metaphysics 985b

4)

2.

Democritus calls space by the names-the void,

nothing and the infinite, while each individual atom he

calls…. The compact, and being. He thinks they are so

small as to elude our ns, but they have all sorts of

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forms and shapes and differences in size. So he is

already enabled from them, as from elements , to

create by aggregation bulks that are perceptible to

sight and the other ns.(Aristotle, On Democritus

apud simplicius, de caelo 295, 1)

3.

They said that the first principle were infinite in

number, and thought they were indivisible atoms and

impassible owing to their compactness, and without

any void in and in them; divisibility comes about

becau of the void in compound bodies. (Simplicius,

de caelo 242 ,18)

4.

Liucippus holds that the whole is infinite… part of it is

full and part void… hence ari innumerable worlds,

and are resolved again into the elements. The worlds

come into being as follows: many bodies of all sorts

move by abscission from the infinite into a great void;

they come together there and produce a single whirl, in

which, colliding with one another and revolving in all

manner of ways, they begin to parate apart, like to

like. But when their multitude prevents them from

rotating any longer in equilibrium, tho that are fine

go out towards the surrounding void as if shifted, while

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the rest “abide together” and, becoming entangled,

unite their motions and make a first spherical

structure. This structure stands apart like a

membrane which contains in itlf all kinds of bodies;

and as they whirl around owing to the resistance of the

middle, the surrounding membrane becomes thin,

while contiguous atoms keep flowing together owing to

contact with the whirl. So the earth came into being,

the atoms that had been borne to the middle abiding

together there… some of the bodies that get entangled

from a structure that is at first moist and muddy, but

as they revolve with the whirl of the whole they dry out

and then iginite to form the substance of the heavenly

bodies.(Diogenes Laertius ix 31)

5.

Democritus holds the same view as Leucippus about

the elements, full and void… he spoke as if the things

that are were in constant motion in the void; there are

innumerable worlds, which differ in size.(Hippolytus,

Ref I 13,2)

6.

Everything happens according to necessity; for the

cau of the coming-into-being of all things in the

whirl, which Democritus salls necessity. (Diogenes

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Laertius ix 45)

7.

Nothing occurs at random, but everything for a reason

and by necessity. (Leucippus, Fr. 2)

8.

When Democritus says that” a whirl was parated

off from the whole, of all sorts of shapes “ and he does

not say how or through what cau, he ems to

generate it by accident or chance. (Simplicius, phys.

327,24)

9.

Democritus distinguishes heavy and light by size…

nevertheless in compound bodies the lighter is that

which contains ,ore void, the heavier that which

contains less. Sometimes he expresd it thus, but

elwhere he says simply that the fine is the

light.(Theophratus, de nsu 61)

10.

So Leucippus and Democritus, who say that their

primary bodies are always in motion in the infinite void,

ought to specify what kind of motion- that is, what is

the motion natural to them(Aristotle, de caele 300b 8)

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