文體學在英語語篇分析中的作用
【摘 要】文體學是一門研究各種文體語言特點的學問。本文通過對特定兩種文體的具體分析，指出了該文體如何運用有效手段，達到傳遞文本信息的目的。
【關鍵詞】文體學；語篇；語言特點；信息傳遞
Abstract: Stylistics is ud to study and analyze different kinds of articles. In order to show how the following two passages put forward the information successfully， this paper points out the characteristic ways the two passages employ.
Key Words: Stylistics， Passage， characteristics，information
文體學是研究文體的學問。文體有廣義和狹義之分。狹義的文體指的是文學文體，其中包括各個作家的風格。廣義的文體指的是一種語言中的各類文體，包括口語體和書面體，而在這兩者之間，還有若干過渡類型的文體。文學文體也包括在廣義的文體之中。文體學的任務是通過觀察和描述若干種主要文體的語言特點，即其各自的語音、詞匯、句法和篇章的特點，讓學習者能夠更好地了解這些文體所要表達的內容及其特有的表達方式，學會在適當的場合
使用適當的文體。
雖然存在著各式各樣的文體，但真正代表一種文體特殊用法的詞句是很少的。真正被大量使用的還是那些按照普通方式運用的基本詞匯、基本句型和基本表達方式。這也就是所謂的共核語言(the common core) ， 它的慣常用法構成語言的常規(norm) ， 而一種文體的特殊用法則是對這種常規的變異(deviation) 。下文將通過對語言的各要素，即語音、詞匯、句法、語篇結構的分析來闡述它們在日常談話、即席解說中說什么和怎么說這個問題上所起的作用。
歐美的文體研究最早可以追溯到古希臘、古羅馬時期。亞里士多德曾經說過：“僅僅知道我們應該說什么還不夠，還必須以恰當的方式來表達。”中國的文體風格學在發展的早期與西方文體風格學很是相似，即兩者都是從修辭學發展而來?？鬃釉f：“辭達而已矣”，就是在強調語言應該順暢地表達思想；孔子又說：“言之無文，行之不遠”，就點出了“文采”的社會功用。這一切都說明了自古以來文章的內容和形式的關系問題就一直受到高度的重視。
到目前為止，文體學已經被運用在包括翻譯學、商務英語、英語閱讀在內的許多領域中。
（一）日常談話：在日常生活中，人與人之間最常用的交流方式就是談話方式。我們將從這一最普通的文體的語音、詞匯、句法結構、語義等方面著手，進行具體分析，并探討這些因素對英語聽力教學的影響。以下是一篇訪談節目中主持人Irene對Beth，《為新母親的思索》一書的作者的談話摘錄。
B―Beth I—Irene
B: It’s a big challenge for mothers today， becau oftentimes mothers feel like it’s an either /or proposition that they have to work or have a child. And the reality is more and more women are choosing to do both， and also not be superwomen， so it’s a tricky… it’s a tricky line to balance. But I do have a quote that says， “To choo to have a child is to choo forever to have your heart walk outside of your body，” which means， just as we’ve been talking about， that you are constantly attached to your child， no matter how old they get， but you will learn to walk tho lines. And you will learn to create balance and harmony in your life， and you’ll realize that not everything you do is going to nd your child to a therapist. And that’s wonderful.
I: Yes， yes. I’ve just always felt that if you loved them hard enough， and that you had … your heart kind of in the right place， which obviously is outside your own body， that there was very little that … that you could do wrong. I mean you …
B: Yes. I think that’s true. I think if you build a solid foundation with your child， especially in the early years， and …
I: How early are we talking “early years”? I mean， by what point is the child’s personality formed already?
B: Well， you know there’s a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting. But there are new studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important， extremely important it is for a child to be with his/her mother until they’re clo to four years old. Now， that doesn’t mean consistently. I’m not advocating that a mother stay home full time if she’s not so inclined. But there’s definite rearch that’s coming out saying that， y’know， a mother’s role is more important in some regards than we had thought， and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer. In fact， children go into s
hock oftentimes if they are parated too early. And that’s why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave， that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years， not just the first few months.
People need concrete support， and especially nowadays， I did write another meditation about people needing the support of community becau nowadays we oftentimes don’t have our parents clo by， or brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country. And so especially when you come home for the first few months or the first few years， you may feel extremely isolated if you can’t hook up with a co-op， a babysitting co-op， or a mother’s group … And this is just a wonderful way to remind mothers that we have what Mary Catherine Bateson calls peripheral vision: the ability to be attentive to multiple demands and to think about more than one thing at a time. And I think that’s a very valuable trait that mothers do have. And sometimes we think of ourlves as being scattered and airheads becau of it， and that’s been oftentimes how we’ve been portrayed， but this is a wonderful， wonderful trait that mothers develop especially in the first few years.
I: Well， we have eyes in the backs of our heads， right?
B: Exactly.
I: But we are also able to keep lots of balloons in the air， which means that what we do is， you get up in the morning and you say， “I need to do this， this， this， and I need to go to work， and what’s for dinner besides.”
B: Exactly.
I: You get it all in order before you leave the hou in the morning.
B: Right， and you can take your needs into account as well as the needs of many other inpiduals， which is extremely important in this day and age. I mean we no longer can afford ecologically to have a one-track mind. We can no longer afford it in the family， in the work place， and I think that’s something that women very much have to offer.
I: I think that the “me” generation is over.
日常談話的特點：在語音方面是縮寫詞的出現。這種縮寫詞的出現是一種在很快的發音中通過省略某些音節而把兩個單個詞連讀成為一個詞的現象。在本文中有It’s， we’ve， I’ve， that’s， there’s， they’re， doesn’t， I’m等等。這些是經常用到的縮寫詞。還有一個省略得更多的詞是y’know。因為在對話中，許多不重要而又很容易猜出意思的詞發音可以一帶而過。另一方面，在文中還出現了一方并未說完而另一方就急著接話的情況。這在日常談話中是時常發生的話語的重疊。這一切都是為了使意思的表達更加迅速明了。
