
第五章 漢譯英中的句子整合問題
㈠形合與意合 (hypotaxis and parataxis)
在漢英雙語對比中,漢語重意合,英語重形合。
英語:1. 詞語的形合手段
? ①詞綴
? ②詞語的形態變化
? ③詞組聯接手段
①詞綴:
英語:beautiful scenery
漢語:美景、美容、美其名曰
美景:a beautiful scenery
美容:to have a face lift
美其名曰:to call it by a resounding name
②詞語的形態變化:
起泡酒
sparkling wine – i.e. ,wine like beer and champagne that can sparkle with foams
藥酒
medicated wine – i.e., wine that has been medicated to cure dia like rheumatism
解困酒
wine to drive out sleepiness – i.e., wine that may drive out sleepiness
③詞組聯接手段:
介詞詞組、不定式詞組和分詞詞組都是英語重要的詞語形合手段。
殘疾兒童教育 education for the handicapped children
展品 the exhibits on display
與同屋住的人共用的餐廳 dining room shared by flat-mates
2. 句法形合手段
充當句法關系形態形合手段的詞主要是英語動詞。
a. There was little to induce living things to come ashore, forsaking 放棄, 斷念, 拋棄
their all-providing, all-embracing mother a.
海岸上實在沒有什么東西足以海水里的小生物,使它們離開那無所不有、無所不包
的海洋母體。
b. Apprid通知, 報告of the tough ways by principal of Roslindale High School, six
teachers asked out even before he arrived.
新任校長沒有到職,就有六名教師得知此人在任羅斯林德爾中學校長時的高壓作風而辭
職了。
充當句法形合手段的各式聯接成分在英語中共有三類:
①并列連詞; ②從屬連詞; ③復合結構
①并列連詞:
You try to persuade him now, I talked to him all last night, therefore I’ve done my part.
你去說服他吧,我昨晚跟他談了一整夜,()盡力了。
可以說
②從屬連詞:
a. 見到他,你就會認出他來。You will recognize him when you e him.
b. 他對音樂感興趣,就來了。He came becau he was interested in music.
c. 你需要我,我就來。I will come if you want me.
③復合結構:
a. 酒不醉人人自醉。
It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himlf drunk.
b. 人到醉時方覺醒,醒時難得醉時清。
It is not until one gets drunk that he gets sober and it is difficult for him to get as sober as he
gets drunk.
現代漢語的意合來自古漢語的傳統,在古漢語中,意合可以說是主流:
c. 知己知彼,百戰不殆;不知彼而知己,一勝一負;不知彼不知己,每戰必殆。
(若)知己(又)知彼,(則)(雖)百戰(而)不殆; (若)不知彼而知己,(則)(將)
一勝(及)一負;(若)不知彼(又)不知己,(則)每戰(將)必殆。
c. (若)知己(又)知彼,(則)(雖)百戰(而)不殆;
You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourlf.
(若)不知彼而知己,(則)(將)一勝(及)一負;
You will win one battle and lo one battle if you know yourlf but are in the dark about the
enemy.
(若)不知彼(又)不知己,(則)每戰(將)必殆。
You will lo every battle if you are in the dark about both the enemy and yourlf.
漢英對比,英語注重形式鏈接特點同樣是很明顯的。如:
我們還在運籌之中,對手就搶先了一步。
While all our plans were still in the blue-print stage, our competitors got the jump on us.
意合與形合之別其實也就是語篇連貫的隱顯的不同。漢語的意合無須借助詞匯語法的
銜接手段,僅靠詞語和句子內含的邏輯聯系(或靠各種語境和語用因素),便能構成連貫的
語篇;英語則往往少不了詞匯語法的顯性銜接,即從語言形式上把詞語句子結合成語篇整
體。因此在雙語互譯時,便常見隱顯不一的情況:
1. 牡丹江水,洶涌澎湃,萬馬奔騰,一瀉千里。
Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long cour like countless
hors galloping.
2. 饑者甘食,渴者甘飲,是未得飲食之正也,饑渴之害也。
The hungry think any food sweet, and the thirsty think the same of any drink, and thus
they do not get the right taste of what they eat and drink. The hunger and thirst, in fact,
injure their palate. 味覺
㈡分清主從,整合全句
①譯成帶從句的英語句子
a. 那是一些什么人,我只是依稀記得。
I get a glimmering of who they are.
b. 他倆相戀多年,避談婚嫁。
Though they have been going around for years now, they still keep silent about marriage.
c. 她們妯娌吵嘴,不巧被我撞見了。
I chanced to be prent when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.
⑵譯成帶介詞短語的英語句子
a. 兩件衣服她試試這件不好,試試那件也不行。
She hesitated over the choice between the two dress.
b. 好不容易才說服她,照我的想法辦。
With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.
c. 你也不要錯把他無心的疏忽,看成有心的怠慢。
Don’t mistake his fortuitous oversight for deliberate illtreatment.
⑶譯成分詞或不定式結構的英語句子
a. 只見那個理發師俯下身,聽小姑娘說,她要什么發式。
Leaning down to the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
b.開支雖經一再壓縮,仍大大超支。
Pinched again and again, the expenditure still stayed far out of the budget.
c. 對人太苛求,沒有什么道理,自己也容易失望。
You have little cau to make excessive demands from others and make yourlf
disappointed in return.
(三)漢語疊式結構的英譯
漢語語言文字體系的特征比較容易構成“復迭”(疊式結構)。這類結構有時是一種修辭
手段,但也易于造成疊床架屋,英譯時最好加以整合:
1. 我當時的心情很復雜,既是悲喜交集,又是羞悔交集,還有愛怨交集。
I had mixed feelings at the moment, grief and joy, shame and remor, love and animosity.
2. 你進我退,我進你退,猶如潮漲潮落,潮落潮漲,是永無止境的。
It’s like the flood and ebb退潮tides that endlessly alternate with each other.
3 她活得太容忍,她活得太躊躇;她活得太辛苦,她活得太悲切。
In her life, there were abundant patience and paus, pains and pathos. ['peiθ?s
請試譯:
4. 我們冬天需要陽光,春天需要陽光,秋天需要陽光,夏天需要陽光。
5. 都這么你干你的,他干他的,愛來不來,愛干不干,那怎么行呢?
比較:
4. 我們冬天需要陽光,春天需要陽光,秋天需要陽光,夏天需要陽光。
We can never dispen免除with sunlight all the year round.
5. 都這么你干你的,他干他的,愛來不來,愛干不干,那怎么行呢?
How can we get it done if you people all muddle along like this?
句子整合的重要性:
漢語“形散神聚”,以意念為主軸,取流灑鋪排式;英語基本上“以形馭意”,語法范疇嚴
謹,句子長而環扣分明。因此漢譯英時必須順應英語的特點,這就要求語句整合。
練習:
1. 那時,曾子住在鄉下,一邊種地,一邊讀書,日子過得很清貧。
2. 嚴志和一見了土地,土地上的河流,河流兩岸的涯田,涯田上青枝綠葉的蘆葦,心里就
漾著喜氣。
3. 因為距離遠, 又缺乏交通工具,農村社會是與外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態,由于通訊
工具不足,就變得更加嚴重了。
4. 學院請來一位洋教師,長得挺怪,紅臉,金發,連鬢大胡須,有幾根胡子一直逾過面頰,
挨近鼻子。
5. 荷塘四面長著許多樹,蓊蓊郁郁的。

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